Advances in Serpentine Geoecology: A Retrospective
Advances in Serpentine Geoecology: A Retrospective
复制标题
蛇纹石地质生态学进展：回顾
DOI：
10.1656/045.016.0501
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发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
R. Boyd
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
N. Rajakaruna;R. Boyd
长期以来，森林生境一直为地质生态学研究提供了模型环境（综述见亚历山大等人，2007年;布雷迪等人，2005年;布鲁克斯，1987年;卡扎库等人，2008年;克鲁克伯格，1984年;普罗克特和伍德尔，1975年;拉贾卡鲁纳等人，2009年）。广义上来说，蛇纹石是指与沿着大陆边缘和造山带发现的超镁铁岩（高铁富镁）风化有关的一组矿物。与这些岩石有关的土壤通常与更广泛的土壤不同，不太肥沃，并且具有高浓度的某些重金属。蛇纹岩土壤独特的地球化学性质在全球范围内产生了生物学上独特的栖息地，为研究地质学和土壤如何塑造我们周围的生物世界提供了模型设置。已知世界范围内的蛇纹石露头具有很高的植物特有率（布鲁克斯1987，Kruckeberg 2002）。例如，在加州特有的1410种植物中，176种（12.5%）仅限于蛇纹石（Safford等人，2005年），一种覆盖不到1.5%的州的基质。这个数字是非常高的，因为在加州只有669个分类群与蛇纹岩土壤有关。因此，在加州和北美西部的其他地区对蛇纹岩奥拉斯进行了充分的研究（亚历山大等人，2007年，哈里森和维尔斯，2007年），这并不奇怪，不仅是因为它们的分类价值，而且因为它们在测试生态和进化情景中的有用性。其他例子包括新喀里多尼亚和古巴的热带岛屿，也提供了蛇纹特有现象的显著例子（Boyd等人，2004年;布鲁克斯，1987年; Kruckeberg，2002年）。在新喀里多尼亚，3178个分类群，大约一半的原生植物，是蛇纹岩土壤特有的（Jaffre 1992）。在古巴，有920种，约占古巴特有分类群的三分之一，仅在蛇纹石土壤中发现（Borhidi 1992）。在地中海、非洲、澳大拉西亚和亚洲的蛇纹岩地区也发现了类似的限制和显著的植物区系关联（Baker et al. 1992，Mrs. Will 2001，Boyd et al. 2004，布鲁克斯1987，Chiarucci and Baker 2007，Jaffre et al. 1997）。因此，毫不奇怪，最近在缅因州巴尔港的大西洋学院结束的第六届国际蛇纹岩生态学会议（www.coa.edu/serpentine）吸引了来自世界各地的93名代表，包括阿尔巴尼亚、澳大利亚、保加利亚、加拿大、捷克共和国、法国、伊朗、意大利、日本、新喀里多尼亚、新西兰、葡萄牙、俄罗斯、
Serpentine habitats have long provided model settings for geoecological research (reviewed in Alexander et al. 2007, Brady et al. 2005, Brooks 1987, Kazakou et al. 2008, Kruckeberg 1984, Proctor and Woodell 1975, Rajakaruna et al 2009). Serpentine loosely refers to a broad group of minerals associated with the weathering of ultramafi c (high iron and magnesium-rich) rocks found along continental margins and orogenic belts. Soils associated with such rocks often differ from more widespread soils, being less fertile and having high concentrations of some heavy metals. The unique geochemistry of serpentine soils generates habitats worldwide that are biologically unique, providing model settings for research on how geology and soils can shape the biotic world around us. Serpentine outcrops worldwide are known to harbor high rates of plant endemism (Brooks 1987, Kruckeberg 2002). For example, of the 1410 plant species endemic to California, 176 (12.5%) are restricted to serpentine (Safford et al. 2005), a substrate covering less than 1.5% of the state. This number is remarkably high given only 669 taxa are associated with serpentine soils in California. Thus, it is no surprise that serpentine fl oras are well-studied in California and other parts of western North America (Alexander et al. 2007, Harrison and Viers 2007), not only for their taxonomic value but also for their usefulness in testing ecological and evolutionary scenarios. Additional examples include the tropical islands of New Caledonia and Cuba, which also provide remarkable cases of serpentine endemism (Boyd et al. 2004, Brooks 1987, Kruckeberg 2002). In New Caledonia, 3178 taxa, approximately half the native fl ora, are endemic to serpentine soils (Jaffre 1992). In Cuba, 920 species, approximately one-third of the taxa endemic to Cuba, are found solely on serpentine soils (Borhidi 1992). Similar restrictions and notable fl oristic associations are also found in serpentine areas of the Mediterranean, Africa, Australasia, and Asia (Baker et al. 1992, Balkwill 2001, Boyd et al. 2004, Brooks 1987, Chiarucci and Baker 2007, Jaffre et al. 1997). Thus, it was no surprise that the recently concluded Sixth International Conference on Serpentine Ecology (www.coa.edu/serpentine) at College of the Atlantic in Bar Harbor, ME attracted 93 delegates from all corners of the world, including Albania, Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Iran, Italy, Japan, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Portugal, Russia,