Neuronal polarization: The cytoskeleton leads the way
Neuronal polarization: The cytoskeleton leads the way
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DOI：
10.1002/dneu.20849
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发表时间：
2011-06
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
M. Stiess;F. Bradke
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Stiess;F. Bradke
细胞的形态是其功能的关键。在神经系统中，神经元延伸出一个长轴突和几个短树突来传递信号。这种神经元极化的过程是由细胞骨架驱动的。神经元极化过程中的第一个决定性事件是轴突的特化。不同的细胞骨架动力学和细胞骨架的组织决定了未来的轴突，而其他神经突成为树突。在这里，我们将审查如何细胞骨架及其效应驱动轴突规格和神经元极化。首先，将介绍肌动蛋白细胞骨架和微管在轴突特化中的作用。然后，我们将讨论中心体在轴突决定中的作用，以及微管是如何在轴突和树突中产生的。最后，我们将讨论导致轴突规范的潜在机制，如正反馈回路，可能是肌动蛋白和微管之间的协调相互作用。本文就微管和肌动蛋白骨架在神经元极化过程中的作用作一综述。我们将指出即将到来的挑战，以更好地了解神经元极化的基本细胞内水平。最后，我们将概述如何重新激活的内在极化程序可能有助于诱导轴突再生后，中枢神经系统损伤。© 2010 Wiley Periodicals，Inc.开发神经生物学71：430-444，2011年
The morphology of cells is key to their function. Neurons extend a long axon and several shorter dendrites to transmit signals in the nervous system. This process of neuronal polarization is driven by the cytoskeleton. The first and decisive event during neuronal polarization is the specification of the axon. Distinct cytoskeletal dynamics and organization of the cytoskeleton determine the future axon while the other neurites become dendrites. Here, we will review how the cytoskeleton and its effectors drive axon specification and neuronal polarization. First, the role of the actin cytoskeleton and microtubules in axon specification will be presented. Then, we will discuss the role of the centrosome in axon determination as well as how microtubules are generated in axons and dendrites. Finally, we will discuss potential mechanisms leading to axon specification, such as positive feedback loops that could be a coordinated interaction between actin and microtubules. Together, this review will present the recent advances on the role of the microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton during neuronal polarization. We will pinpoint the upcoming challenges to gain a better understanding of neuronal polarization on a fundamental intracellular level. Finally, we will outline how reactivation of the intrinsic polarization program may help to induce axon regeneration after CNS injury. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 430–444, 2011