Intensity of food deprivation: The integrative impacts of the world system, modernization, conflict, militarization and the environment
Intensity of food deprivation: The integrative impacts of the world system, modernization, conflict, militarization and the environment
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DOI：
10.1177/0020715211428181
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发表时间：
2011-11
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
E. Kick;lAurA A. McKinney;Gretchen H. Thompson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
E. Kick;lAurA A. McKinney;Gretchen H. Thompson
美国和世界的军事开支在过去十年中急剧增加。一些跨国处理方法确定了军事开支对一系列国内结果的积极影响，而许多其他方法则指出了匡威的情况。我们回顾了文献，然后集中在审查的关系，包括军事支出的影响，在世界范围内的粮食匮乏的强度。我们采用了结构方程建模技术，允许综合分析的直接和间接影响的一系列因素所指定的理论。我们发现，世界体系的背景间接地对国家的粮食匮乏程度有很大影响，无论是在我们的发达国家和发展中国家样本中，还是仅在发展中国家样本中。国内和国际冲突也是如此，特别是在它们影响国家现代化和军事开支的情况下。虽然在我们的发达国家和发展中国家的跨国样本中，军费开支适度地促进了现代化，但这不仅仅是发展中国家的样本。这可能表明军事技术对其他经济部门的溢出效应，但仅限于发达国家。就世界范围而言，国家现代化本身就是全球权力和依赖的结果，它直接降低了粮食匮乏的程度，而军事开支则直接加剧了粮食匮乏。这些不同的关系使我们主张在粮食安全和饥饿的研究中建立一个更综合的理论，同时考虑到在富国和穷国产生类似和不同后果的全球环境。
US and world military expenditures have increased dramatically in the last decade. Some cross-national treatments identify positive impacts of military spending on a range of domestic outcomes, while many others point to the converse. We review the literature and then focus on under examined relationships, including the impact of military expenditures on the intensity of food deprivation worldwide. We employ a structural equation modeling technique that permits synthetic analyses of direct and indirect impacts of a range of factors specified by the theories. We find world-system context indirectly matters a great deal to the intensity of food deprivation in nations, both in our sample of developed and developing nations, and of developing countries only. So do intra-national and international conflicts, especially insofar as they impact national modernization and military spending. While modernization is moderately enhanced by military spending for our cross-national sample of developed and developing countries, it is not for the sample of developing countries only. This may point to military technology’s spill over effects on other sectors of the economy, but solely for developed nations. For the world over, national modernization, itself a consequence of global power and dependency, directly reduces the intensity of food deprivation, while military expenditures directly heighten it. These differential relationships lead us to advocate for a more synthetic theorizing in studies of food security and hunger, while accounting for global circumstances that produce both similar and different consequences in richer and poorer countries.