Environmental and biomarker measurements in nine homes in the Lower Rio Grande Valley: Multimedia results for pesticides, metals, PAHs, and VOCs
Environmental and biomarker measurements in nine homes in the Lower Rio Grande Valley: Multimedia results for pesticides, metals, PAHs, and VOCs
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DOI：
10.1016/s0160-4120(97)00071-8
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发表时间：
1997-01-01
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Akland, G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Buckley, TJ;Liddle, J;Akland, G
在两个季节（1993年春季和夏季）对多种污染物进行了住宅环境和生物标志物测量，以评估居住在德克萨斯州布朗斯维尔附近的下里约热内卢格兰德山谷（LRGV）的9个家庭中的18名非吸烟成年人（每个家庭的主要和次级受试者）的人类暴露情况。每个季节在一到两天的时间内测量饮用水，食物，空气，土壤和房屋灰尘中的农药，金属，多环芳烃，挥发性有机化合物和多氯联苯。在血液、呼吸和尿液中进行生物标志物测量。在一种或多种介质中，每个家庭可能对五种污染物（227种农药，44种微量元素，78种挥发性有机化合物，18种多环芳烃和8种多氯联苯）进行375次测量。大部分测量值低于方法检出限，农药检出限为0-37%，金属检出限为22-61%，水和空气中挥发性有机化合物检出限分别为6%和90%，多环芳烃检出限为0-74%。血液、尿液或呼吸中可测量的分析物总数较少，即58种（21种农药，1种多氯联苯，4种金属，31种挥发性有机化合物和1种多环芳烃），超过农药和金属检测限的百分比为40%至100%，而超过挥发性有机化合物，多环芳烃和多氯联苯检测限的百分比为2%至33%。在7种非持久性农药中的2种（3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇和2,5-二氯苯酚）和3种金属中的3种（砷、镉和汞）以及尿液中芘代谢物1-羟基芘的生物标志物水平中，发现了显著的季节性差异（p小于或等于0.10）。在所有情况下，夏季的水平都高于春季。对于血清中的持久性农药和多氯联苯，10种分析物中有5种可评估季节性效应；只有在六氯苯中观察到显著差异（p小于或等于0.10），与尿液生物标志物一样，六氯苯在夏季较高。与尿金属相比，春、夏季血铅浓度变化不显著（p < 0.05）。目前研究的生物学结果与第三次全国健康和营养检查调查（NHANES III）提供的参考范围进行了比较。由于两项研究之间的可比性有限，比较仅具有启发性。根据超过检出限的测量百分比，在LRGV研究对象中观察到12种非持久性农药（4-硝基酚和2,4- d）中的2种显著升高（p小于或等于0.10）。在血液中发现了挥发性有机化合物四氯化碳（仅在春季监测），其流行率（p小于或等于0.10）高于NHANES III结果的预期。两种持久性农药（4,4'-DDE和反式不草胺）和多氯联苯的血清水平超过了中位数和/或95%的参考水平，尿液中的砷也是如此。在确定了季节差异或化合物超过参考水平的情况下，对环境监测结果进行了调查，以确定潜在的影响途径和暴露源。但是，由于环境取样并不总是与生物取样同时进行，并且由于测量的分析物低于检测限度的频率很高，因此在许多情况下无法解释接触的来源和途径。毒死蜱是一个例外，尿代谢物（3,5,6- tcp）水平被发现与空气（R-2=0.55， p小于或等于0.01）和灰尘（R-2=0.46， p小于或等于0.01）浓度显著相关。根据两个季节的生物标志物和居住环境测量结果，这项范围界定研究显示了一些分析物的季节性影响，并指出了其他地方的暴露可能很高。这一信息可能有助于考虑该区域今后的研究。Elsevier Science Ltd.出版。
Residential environmental and biomarker measurements were made of multiple pollutants during two seasons (spring and summer, 1993) in order to assess human exposure for a purposeful sample of 18 nonsmoking adults residing within nine homes (a primary and secondary subject in each home) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) near Brownsville, TX. Pesticides, metals, PAHs, VOCs, and PCBs were measured in drinking water, food, air, soil, and house dust over a one-to two-day period in each season. Biomarker measurements were made in blood, breath, and urine. A total of 375 measurements across five pollutant classes (227 pesticides, 44 trace elements, 78 VOCs, 18 PAHs, and 8 PCBs) was possible for each home in one or more media. A large percentage of the measurements was below the method limit of detection ranging from 0-37% for pesticides, 22-61% for metals, 6% and 90% for VOCs in water and air, respectively, and 0-74% for PAHs. The total number of analytes measurable in blood, urine, or breath was considerably less, i.e., 58 (21 pesticides, 1 PCB, 4 metals, 31 VOCs, and 1 PAH) with the percentage above the method limit of detection for pesticides and metals ranging from 40 to 100%, while for VOCs, PAHs, and PCBs, this percentage ranged from 2 to 33%. A significant seasonal difference (p less than or equal to 0.10) was found in the biomarker levels of two of seven nonpersistent pesticides (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and 2,5-dichlorophenol) and 3 of 3 metals (arsenic, cadmium, and mercury) and the pyrene metabolite, 1-hydroxypyrene, measured in urine. In all cases, levels were higher in the summer relative to the spring. For the persistent pesticides and PCBs in blood serum, a seasonal effect could be evaluated for 5 of 10 analytes; a significant difference (p less than or equal to 0.10) was observed only for hexachlorobenzene, which like the urine biomarkers, was higher in the summer. In contrast to the urine metals, blood-Pb concentrations did not change significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) from spring to summer. Biological results from the current study are compared to the reference range furnished by the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Comparisons are only suggestive due to limitations in comparability between the two studies. Based on the percentage of measurements above the detection limit, a significant elevation (p less than or equal to 0.10) in 2 of 12 nonpersistent pesticides (4-nitrophenol and 2,4-D) was observed for the LRGV study subjects. The VOC carbon tetrachloride was found in the blood (monitored only in spring) with greater prevalence (p less than or equal to 0.10) than would be expected from NHANES III results. Blood serum levels of two persistent pesticides (4,4'-DDE, and trans-nonachlor) and PCB exceeded median and/or 95th percentile reference levels as did arsenic in urine. Where seasonal differences were identified or for compounds exceeding reference levels, environmental monitoring results were investigated to identify potential contributing pathways and sources of exposure. However, because environmental sampling did not always coincide with the biological sampling and because of the high frequency of analytes measured below the limit of detection, sources and pathways of exposure in many cases could not be explained. Chlorpyrifos was an exception where urine metabolite (3,5,6-TCP) levels were found to be significantly correlated with air (R-2=0.55; p less than or equal to 0.01) and dust (R-2=0.46; p less than or equal to 0.01) concentrations.Based on the results of biomarker and residential environmental measurements over two seasons, this scoping study shows a seasonal effect for some analytes and suggests where exposures may be high for others. This information may be useful in considering future studies in the region. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.