Health implications of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water: An update on methemoglobinemia occurrence and reproductive and developmental toxicity
Health implications of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water: An update on methemoglobinemia occurrence and reproductive and developmental toxicity
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DOI：
10.1006/rtph.1996.0006
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发表时间：
1996-02-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Steinberg, VE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fan, AM;Steinberg, VE
1987年，对硝酸盐饮用水标准进行了评价，主要关注硝酸盐对高铁血红蛋白血症和生殖/发育影响的影响（Fan等人（1987）。富豪。毒理学. Pharmacol. 7，135-148）。本审查对硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐对健康的相同影响的现有资料进行了最新概述和评价，重点是上一次审查中未包括的数据，这些数据应用作本报告的概要。最近的流行病学数据表明，后代的发育影响和母亲从饮用水中摄入硝酸盐之间的关联，但不能得出明确的结论的因果关系。动物实验数据表明，生殖毒性与高水平接触硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐有关，而这在饮用水中不太可能遇到。在受试大鼠、小鼠、家兔和仓鼠中未观察到致畸作用。在美国，已经报道了几例婴儿高铁血红蛋白血症的病例，这些婴儿使用的水中含有的硝酸盐水平高于当前最大污染物水平（MCL）45 ppm（mg/L）硝酸盐（NO3）或10 ppm硝酸盐-氮（硝酸盐-N），但没有一个处于或低于MCL。在数据库中的不确定性进行了讨论，注意到，没有不确定性因素被应用在推导MCL，以考虑到存在于数据库中的不确定性。(C)出版社：Academic Press，Inc.
In 1987, an evaluation of the nitrate drinking water standard was performed with a primary focus on the effects of nitrate on methemoglobinemia and reproductive/developmental effects (Fan ct al. (1987). Regal. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 7, 135-148). The present review presents an updated overview and evaluation of the available information on the same health effects of nitrate and nitrite with an emphasis on data not included in the previous review, which should be used as a compendium to this report. Recent epidemiologic data have suggested an association between developmental effects in offspring and the maternal ingestion of nitrate from drinking water, but a definite conclusion on the cause and effect relationship cannot be drawn. Animal experimental data have shown reproductive toxicity associated with high exposure levels to nitrate or nitrite, which are not likely to be encountered in drinking water. No teratogenic effects were observed in rats, mice, rabbits, and hamsters tested. Several cases of methemoglobinemia have been reported in infants in the United States using water containing nitrate at levels higher than the current maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 45 ppm (mg/liter) nitrate (NO3) or 10 ppm nitrate-nitrogen (nitrate-N), but none at or lower than the MCL. The uncertainties in the data base are discussed, noting that no uncertainty factor was applied in deriving the MCL in order to account for the uncertainties that exist in the data base. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc.