Review on Mycotoxin Issues in Ruminants: Occurrence in Forages, Effects of Mycotoxin Ingestion on Health Status and Animal Performance and Practical Strategies to Counteract Their Negative Effects.
Review on Mycotoxin Issues in Ruminants: Occurrence in Forages, Effects of Mycotoxin Ingestion on Health Status and Animal Performance and Practical Strategies to Counteract Their Negative Effects.
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DOI：
10.3390/toxins7083057
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发表时间：
2015-08-12
期刊：
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Nielsen KF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gallo A;Giuberti G;Frisvad JC;Bertuzzi T;Nielsen KF
反刍动物的饲料包括谷物、蛋白质饲料及其副产品，以及干草和草、草/豆类、全玉米、小谷物或高粱青贮饲料。此外，在世界上许多地方，反刍动物每年或季节性地食用牧草。所有这些牧草都可能被产霉菌毒素真菌的几种外代谢产物污染，与饮食变化较少的猪和家禽相比，这增加了反刍动物暴露于霉菌毒素的风险并使其多样化。有证据表明，反刍动物最大程度地暴露于某些受管制的真菌毒素（黄曲霉毒素、曲霉烯、赭曲霉毒素A、伏马菌素和玉米赤霉烯酮）和由不同种类的霉属菌产生的许多其他次级代谢物（如AAL毒素、霉霉醇、替那唑酸或4z -感染酮）、黄曲霉（如曲酸、环吡唑酸或β-硝基丙酸）、烟曲霉（如胶质瘤毒素、农曲霉碱、费斯图拉维碱或富马西林）。青霉菌（如霉酚酸、羊queforti、PR毒素或martmartines）和橡胶红曲霉（citrinin和monacolins）可能主要与饲料污染有关。这篇综述包括了过去15年来真菌毒素发生的报道，特别强调了在饲料中检测到的真菌毒素，以及由于它们的摄入而引起的动物毒理学问题。讨论了在农场条件下预防霉菌毒素饲料污染问题的策略。
Ruminant diets include cereals, protein feeds, their by-products as well as hay and grass, grass/legume, whole-crop maize, small grain or sorghum silages. Furthermore, ruminants are annually or seasonally fed with grazed forage in many parts of the World. All these forages could be contaminated by several exometabolites of mycotoxigenic fungi that increase and diversify the risk of mycotoxin exposure in ruminants compared to swine and poultry that have less varied diets. Evidence suggests the greatest exposure for ruminants to some regulated mycotoxins (aflatoxins, trichothecenes, ochratoxin A, fumonisins and zearalenone) and to many other secondary metabolites produced by different species of Alternaria spp. (e.g., AAL toxins, alternariols, tenuazonic acid or 4Z-infectopyrone), Aspergillus flavus (e.g., kojic acid, cyclopiazonic acid or β-nitropropionic acid), Aspergillus fuminatus (e.g., gliotoxin, agroclavine, festuclavines or fumagillin), Penicillium roqueforti and P. paneum (e.g., mycophenolic acid, roquefortines, PR toxin or marcfortines) or Monascus ruber (citrinin and monacolins) could be mainly related to forage contamination. This review includes the knowledge of mycotoxin occurrence reported in the last 15 years, with special emphasis on mycotoxins detected in forages, and animal toxicological issues due to their ingestion. Strategies for preventing the problem of mycotoxin feed contamination under farm conditions are discussed.