Flexible and Persistent Tool-using Strategies in Honey-gathering by Wild Chimpanzees
Flexible and Persistent Tool-using Strategies in Honey-gathering by Wild Chimpanzees
复制标题
野生黑猩猩采蜜时灵活而持久的工具使用策略
DOI：
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发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
D. Morgan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Sanz;D. Morgan
一些野生黑猩猩种群使用工具来袭击蜂巢，但对刚果盆地黑猩猩的初步观察表明，它们可能已经开发出了复杂的技术解决方案来收集蜂蜜，这与其他地区的猿类不同。尽管在中心亚种的范围内缺乏习惯的群体，但已经有一些关于黑猩猩使用不同类型的工具来打开蜂箱和收集蜂蜜的报道。研究人员已经在西部和东部的黑猩猩群体中观察到一些这样的行为（蘸蜜），而其他的（敲打蜂巢）可能仅限于这一地区。为了评估区域工具使用模式的假设，我们首次提供了Pan穴居人在采蜜过程中使用工具的直接观察和系统记录。2002年至2006年间，我们在刚果共和国的古阿卢戈三角观察到40次黑猩猩在采蜜过程中使用工具。敲打是打开蜂箱最常见和最成功的策略。这个地方的黑猩猩在一次使用工具的过程中使用了几种工具，并且可以将多种功能归因于一种工具。它们在打开蜂箱和工具序列的分层结构方面表现出灵活性。我们的研究结果支持了区域工具使用传统采蜜的建议，这可能是由黑猩猩范围内蜜蜂生态的变化所决定的。此外，我们认为这些黑猩猩可能有一种增强的使用工具集的倾向，这可能与他们工具库的其他方面有关。显然，关于生活在刚果盆地的黑猩猩的行为多样性，我们还有很多需要了解的。
Several populations of wild chimpanzees use tools to raid bee nests, but preliminary observations of chimpanzees in the Congo Basin indicate that they may have developed sophisticated technical solutions to gather honey that differ from those of apes in other regions. Despite the lack of habituated groups within the range of the central subspecies, there have been several reports of different types of tools used by chimpanzees to open beehives and gather honey. Researchers have observed some of these behaviors (honey dipping) in populations of western and eastern chimpanzees, whereas others (hive pounding) may be limited to this region. Toward evaluating hypotheses of regional tool using patterns, we provide the first repeated direct observations and systematic documentation of tool use in honey-gathering by a population of Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Between 2002 and 2006, we observed 40 episodes of tool use in honey-gathering by chimpanzees in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo. Pounding was the most common and successful strategy to open beehives. Chimpanzees at this site used several tools in a single tool-using episode and could also attribute multiple functions to a single tool. They exhibited flexibility in responses toward progress in opening a hive and hierarchical structuring of tool sequences. Our results support suggestions of regional tool using traditions in honey-gathering, which could be shaped by variation in bee ecology across the chimpanzee range. Further, we suggest that these chimpanzees may have an enhanced propensity to use tool sets that could be related to other aspects of their tool repertoire. Clearly, there is still much to be learned about the behavioral diversity of chimpanzees residing within the Congo Basin.