Triclosan and prescription antibiotic exposures and enterolactone production in adults.
Triclosan and prescription antibiotic exposures and enterolactone production in adults.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envres.2015.06.017
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发表时间：
2015-10
影响因子：
8.3
通讯作者：
Rogan WJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Adgent MA;Rogan WJ
肠道微生物群在疾病的发展中起着重要作用。微生物组的组成受到分娩方式、饮食和抗生素使用等因素的影响，但环境化学品暴露的影响在很大程度上是未知的。抗菌化合物三氯生存在于许多个人护理产品中，并在人类尿液中广泛检测到，这是一种环境暴露，可能对全身微生物效应特别感兴趣。为了研究三氯生与肠道菌群之间的关系，我们评估了三氯生与肠内酯之间的关系。肠内酯是一种肠道代谢物，通过膳食木脂素（种子、坚果）的细菌转化产生，已知对口服抗生素敏感。我们检查了2005-2008年美国国家健康与营养调查对象中年龄≥20岁的尿三氯生和肠内酯（n = 3041）。我们还检查了处方抗生素使用与肠内酯之间的关系，以确认其对体内细菌组成变化的易感性。经性别、年龄、种族、体重指数、贫困收入比、教育程度、纤维摄入量、排便频率、可替宁和肌酐调整后，采用多元线性回归估计天然对数转化肠内酯与1)检测到与未检测到（<2.3 ng/mL）三氯生、2)三氯生五分位数（Q1-Q5）、3)有抗生素与无抗生素之间的关系（n= 2441）。80%的受试者检出三氯生（范围<2.3 ~ 3620 ng/mL）， 99%的受试者检出肠内酯（范围<0.1 ~ 122000 ng/mL）。调整后，肠内酯与三氯生无相关性(检测与未检测：β= 0.07 (95% CI: - 0.15, 0.30)；Q5(≥104.5 ng / mL)和Q1(没有):β= 0.06(95%置信区间CI:−0.21,0.34)。在性别分层分析中，三氯生与女性较高的肠内酯相关(检测与未检测：β= 0.31 (95% CI: - 0.07, 0.70)，但与男性无关β= - 0.18 （95% CI: - 0.47, 0.11）。然而，与不使用抗生素相比，任何抗生素使用（n=112）与肠内酯显著降低相关（β= - 0.78 (95%CI: - 1.22, - 0.36)），无性别特异性效应。这种相关性与以下抗生素类别呈负相关：大环内酯类衍生物、喹诺酮类、磺胺类和林可霉素衍生物。抗生素与尿肠内酯呈负相关，但与三氯生无关。抗生素可以通过杀死某些肠道细菌来减少肠内酯。在美国检测到的水平，三氯生似乎没有类似的作用，尽管它具有广泛的抗菌特性。可能需要进一步研究三氯生暴露和肠内酯产生的决定因素，以更好地了解妇女之间的积极联系。
The gut microbiome plays an important role in the development of disease. The composition of the microbiome is influenced by factors such as mode of delivery at birth, diet and antibiotic use, yet the influence of environmental chemical exposures is largely unknown. The antimicrobial compound triclosan, found in many personal care products and widely detected in human urine, is an environmental exposure for which systemic microbiotic effects may be of particular interest. To investigate the relationship between triclosan and gut microflora, we assessed the association between triclosan and enterolactone, an intestinal metabolite that is produced via bacterial transformation of dietary lignans (seeds, nuts) and has known susceptibility to oral antibiotics. We examined urinary triclosan and enterolactone for 2005–2008 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey subjects, aged ≥ 20 years (n = 3,041). We also examined the association between prescription antibiotic use and enterolactone to confirm its susceptibility to changes in bacterial composition of the body. Associations between natural log-transformed enterolactone and 1) detected vs. not detected (<2.3 ng/mL) triclosan, 2) triclosan quintiles (Q1–Q5), and 3) any vs. no antibiotics were estimated with multiple linear regression, adjusting for sex, age, race, body mass index, poverty income ratio, education, fiber intake, bowel movement frequency, cotinine and creatinine (n=2,441). Triclosan was detected in 80% of subjects (range: <2.3 – 3620 ng/mL), while enterolactone was detected in >99% of subjects (range: <0.1 – 122,000 ng/mL). After adjustment, enterolactone was not associated with triclosan (detect vs. nondetect: β= 0.07 (95% CI: −0.15, 0.30); Q5 (≥104.5 ng/mL) vs. Q1 (none): β= 0.06 (95% CI:−0.21, 0.34)). In sex-stratified analyses, triclosan was associated with higher enterolactone in women (detect vs. non-detect: β= 0.31 (95% CI:−0.07, 0.70), but not men β= −0.18 (95% CI: −0.47, 0.11). However, any antibiotic use (n=112), as compared to no antibiotic use, was associated with significantly lower enterolactone (β= −0.78 (95%CI: −1.22, −0.36)), with no sex-specific effects. This association was driven by inverse associations with the following antibiotic classes: macrolide derivatives, quinolones, sulfonamides, and lincomycin derivatives. Antibiotics, but not triclosan, are negatively associated with urinary enterolactone. Antibiotics may reduce enterolactone by killing certain gut bacteria. At levels detected in the U.S., triclosan does not appear to be acting similarly, despite broad antimicrobial properties. Additional study of determinants of triclosan exposure and enterolactone production may be needed to better understand positive associations among women.