The influence of atmospheric circulation on the type of precipitation (Kraków, southern Poland)
The influence of atmospheric circulation on the type of precipitation (Kraków, southern Poland)
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DOI：
10.1007/s00704-010-0340-5
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发表时间：
2011-05
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
R. Twardosz;T. Niedźwiedź;E. Łupikasza
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Twardosz;T. Niedźwiedź;E. Łupikasza
本文讨论了大气环流对各类降水发生的影响。克拉科夫 1863 年至 2008 年长达 146 年的降水记录与 Niedźwiedź（1981 年，2009 年）编制的日历一起使用，该日历描述了 1873 年至 2008 年期间的环流类型以及波兰南部 1951 年至 2008 年期间的气团和大气锋。利用降水频率、条件概率和日均降水总量来衡量大气环流对降水的影响。环流类型、气团和大气锋面对降水的影响是由于气团的热和湿特性的季节变化造成的。这种影响最好通过环流类型来表达，因为环流类型将气旋/反气旋方面与空气平流方向相结合，这两个因素决定了空气的物理特性。平均而言，除Ea型环流中降雪量多于液体降水外，所有环流类型均以液体降水为主。根据季节的不同，三种环流类型之一 Wa、Wc 和 Bc 与最大量的液体和雷暴降水一致。混合降水或降雪没有单一的主导环流类型。夏季，Nc、NEc、Cc和Bc环流类型无论从概率还是总量上都最有利于液体和雷暴降水。冬季，Ec型最喜欢降雪。锋面降水发生的可能性是气团降水的两倍，但降雪除外，降雪在概率上主要是气团类型的降水，但其最大总量记录在大气锋面上。
The paper discusses the impact of atmospheric circulation on the occurrence of various types of precipitation. A 146-year-long precipitation record from Kraków spanning the period 1863–2008 was used alongside a calendar prepared by Niedźwiedź (1981, 2009) describing circulation types covering the period 1873–2008 and air masses and atmospheric fronts covering the period 1951–2008 in southern Poland. The influence of atmospheric circulation on precipitation was measured using the frequency, conditional probability and average daily totals of precipitation. Circulation types, air masses and atmospheric fronts exerted influences on precipitation as a result of the seasonal variations of the thermal and moisture properties of air masses. The impact is best expressed by circulation types as these combine the aspect of cyclonicity/anticyclonicity with that of the direction of air advection, the two elements which determine the physical properties of the air. On average, liquid precipitation prevailed in all circulation types, except the Ea type in which snowfall dominated over liquid precipitation. Depending on the season, one of the three types of circulation, Wa, Wc and Bc, were shown to coincide with the greatest amount of liquid and thunderstorm precipitation. There was no single dominant circulation type for mixed precipitation or snowfall. In summer, the circulation types Nc, NEc, Cc and Bc were the most favourable to liquid and thunderstorm precipitation in terms of both probability and totals. In winter, snowfall was the most favoured by the Ec type. Frontal precipitation was twice as likely to occur as air mass precipitation, with the exception of snowfall which was predominantly an air mass type of precipitation in terms of probability, but its greatest totals were recorded on atmospheric fronts.