Improving Auditory CAPTCHA Security
Improving Auditory CAPTCHA Security
复制标题
提高听觉验证码安全性
DOI：
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Simon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Bohr;Andrea Shome;J. Simon
早在1950年，英国数学家和逻辑学家艾伦·图灵（Alan Turing）就首次提出了机器模仿人类智能的概念。作为现代计算机之父，图灵认识到计算机最终可能能够以非常令人信服的方式模仿人类思维。因此，他提出了现在被称为图灵测试的方法，即一个人在没有看到计算机的情况下与计算机对话。如果人类相信计算机的答案是人类，那么机器就通过了测试，并被认为具有一定程度的人类智能。反向图灵测试的想法，即计算机试图区分人类和计算机，出现在20世纪90年代后期，当时计算机程序开始模仿人类，以滥用基于互联网的系统的资源。为了将这些程序与真实的人类区分开来而开发的测试采取了后来被称为CAPTCHA的形式。CAPTCHA这个词，代表完全自动化的图灵测试来区分计算机和人类，是由卡内基梅隆大学的一组教授在2000年创造的。这些教授-路易斯·冯·安，曼努埃尔·布鲁姆，尼古拉斯·霍珀和约翰·兰福德-在他们第一次使用这个术语时正在为雅虎开发第一个这样的程序。后来，Luis von Ahn和Manuel Blum被认为是第一个CAPTCHA的发明者-很快被雅虎以及后来的Google和Hotmail采用。在一般意义上，CAPTCHA用于防止自动化软件（“机器人”）滥用各种系统的资源。它们源于减少或消除网站和网络邮件中的大量垃圾邮件，防止机器人冒充人类进入聊天室，消除在线投票中的投票欺诈，最重要的是保护模拟用户可以访问的敏感数据。机器人可能会使用电子邮件提供商创建多个虚假电子邮件帐户来发送垃圾邮件。类似地，它可以使用社交网站来发送垃圾邮件或以其他方式骚扰其他用户。或者，它可能只是创建虚假帐户，以消耗系统资源。CAPTCHA可以通过要求用户在使用系统之前证明他们是人类来防止这种资源滥用。
The notion of a machine imitating human intelligence was first addressed as early as 1950 by English mathematician and logician Alan Turing. Acknowledged as the father of modern computing, Turing recognized that computers might eventually be able to imitate human thought in very convincing ways. Therefore, he suggested what is now known as the Turing test, where a human converses with a computer without seeing it. If the human is convinced by the computer’s answers that it is human, then the machine passes the test and is deemed to have some level of human-like intelligence. The idea of a reverse Turing test, where a computer attempts to differentiate between a human and a computer, arose during the late 1990s when computer programs began to imitate humans in order to misuse the resources of internet-based systems. Tests developed to differentiate these programs from real humans took the form of what would come to be known as CAPTCHAs. The term CAPTCHA, which stands for Completely Automated Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart, was coined in 2000 by a group of professors at Carnegie Mellon University. These professors – Luis von Ahn, Manuel Blum, Nicholas Hopper and John Langford – were working on research for Yahoo developing the first of these programs when they first used the term. Later, Luis von Ahn and Manuel Blum would be credited with the invention of the first CAPTCHAs – ones that were soon adopted by Yahoo and later Google and Hotmail. In a general sense, CAPTCHAs are used to prevent automated software (“bots”) from abusing the resources of various systems. They arose from a need to reduce or eliminate mass spam on websites and in webmail, to prevent bots posing as humans from entering chat rooms, to eliminate voting fraud on online polls, and most importantly to protect sensitive data that could be accessed by a simulated user. A bot might use an email provider to create multiple fake email accounts in order to send spam. Similarly, it could use a social networking site to spam or otherwise annoy the other users. Or it might simply create fake accounts in order to use up system resources. CAPTCHAs can be used to prevent this misuse of resources by requiring that users prove they are human before using a system.