Range Extensions of Some Boreal Owl Species: Comments on Snow Cover, Ice Crusts, and Climate Change
Range Extensions of Some Boreal Owl Species: Comments on Snow Cover, Ice Crusts, and Climate Change
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一些北方猫头鹰物种的活动范围扩展：对积雪、冰壳和气候变化的评论
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发表时间：
2016
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通讯作者：
I. Mysterud
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作者：
I. Mysterud
最近的观察记录了欧洲的一些北方猫头鹰物种进行了意想不到的爆发运动，有些已经扩大了它们的分布范围，其中包括大灰猫头鹰（Strix nebulosa）。根据公布的数据，可以假定，在过去120年中，人数和分布情况都有很大变化。例如，在芬兰人口中，分布范围明显南移-从拉普兰向中部和东部地区转移（苏尔卡瓦和胡塔拉，1997年）。在瑞典，大灰猫头鹰分布在整个北方地区，但最常见于该国的东北部地区（Hipkiss等人，2008年）。2010 - 2012年，该物种在挪威东南部以前所未有的数量筑巢（Solheim，2009年，2014年a）。瑞典和挪威在2010年和2011年报告了破纪录的繁殖个体数量，随后在2012年进行了4105次观察，瑞典国家物种档案馆（Solheim，2014 b）。在上个世纪的上半叶，该物种仅在挪威最北部（即，（哈根，1989年;苏尔卡瓦和胡塔拉，1997年）。今天，它是该国东南部森林地区相当一部分的常规繁殖者（Solheim，2014 b）。其他扩展也被注意到。在2007 - 2009年，该物种在靠近波兰边境的白俄罗斯被发现，位于其常规繁殖地的西南部，该物种最近一直在访问许多其他地区（Jawawicki等人，2013年）。迅速的范围扩展和人口流动是如此明显，它们表明了大规模的生态变化。它是由气候变化和全球变暖引起的吗？
Recent observations have documented that some boreal owl species in Europe have made unexpected eruptive movements and some have extended their distribution, among them the Great Grey owl (Strix nebulosa). Based on published data, it can be assumed that both the numbers and distribution have varied considerably in the past 120 years. In the Finnish population, for example, there has been a clear southward shift in range— from Lapland toward the central and eastern regions (Sulkava and Huhtala, 1997). In Sweden, the Great Grey owl is distributed throughout the boreal zone but is most frequently found in the northeasternmost parts of the country (Hipkiss et al., 2008). In 2010–2012, the species was found nesting in unprecedented numbers in southeastern Norway (Solheim, 2009, 2014a). Record-breaking numbers of breeding individuals were reported in Sweden and Norway in 2010 and 2011, followed by 4105 observations in 2012 as revealed by the National Species Archives in Sweden (Solheim, 2014b). In the first half of the last century, the species was known as a rare breeder only in northernmost Norway (i.e., in Pasvik, Finnmark) (Hagen, 1989; Sulkava and Huhtala, 1997). Today it is a regular breeder over a considerable part of the southeast forested area in the country (Solheim, 2014b). Other extensions have been noted as well. In 2007–2009, the species was found in Belarus near the Polish border, southwest of its regular breeding grounds, and the species recently has been visiting many other areas (Ławicki et al., 2013). Rapid range extensions and population movements are so marked that they indicate a large-scale ecological change. Is it caused by climate change and global warming?