The giant trees of the Amazon basin
The giant trees of the Amazon basin
复制标题
DOI：
10.1002/fee.2085
复制
发表时间：
2019-09
影响因子：
10.3
通讯作者：
E. Gorgens;Alline Zagnolli Motta;Mauro Assis;M. Nunes;Tobias Jackson;D. Coomes;J. Rosette;L. Aragão;J. Ometto
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
E. Gorgens;Alline Zagnolli Motta;Mauro Assis;M. Nunes;Tobias Jackson;D. Coomes;J. Rosette;L. Aragão;J. Ometto
©美国生态学会前沿生态环境doi:10.1002/fee.2085我们分析了在亚马逊流域进行的机载激光扫描（ALS）调查获得的594个机载激光样条（每个375公顷；WebFigure 1），发现了一棵高度为88.5 m的树（Figure 1）。它周围有7棵高于80米的树，还有更多的高于75米的树（WebFigure 2）。这棵树位于帕尔<e:1>州和阿玛帕<e:1>州之间的偏远地区，距离大西洋360公里，距离亚马逊河三角洲280公里，距离最近的城市220公里；它位于海拔约220米（WebFigure 3）。关于ALS调查和数据处理的更多细节请参见WebPanel 1。该地区只能通过军用直升机或沿贾里河（Jari River）逆流而上的小船进入，这条湍急的河道中有许多瀑布和食肉鱼类，使得航行既危险又缓慢。地球上现存最高的树木，高度超过90米，分布在北美、东南亚和澳大利亚，这些地区的温带森林年平均气温为7.0°- 15.4°C，邻近地区的年平均气温为22°- 29°C （Cramer 2011）。除了生理和环境的限制外，风暴、火灾、害虫、病原体和（越来越多的）链锯等干扰也威胁着巨树的持续生存。高大的树木容易被风连根拔起和折断，因为它们更暴露，因此承受更大的风荷载（lawrence et al. 2000）。大树作为公众灵感的来源尤其重要，往往在保护森林的运动中发挥着关键作用。此外，它们的动态对植物和动物多样性的维持很重要（Lindenmayer和lawrence 2016），它们对生物量和生产力的贡献不成比例（Lutz et al. 2018）。鉴于亚马逊是世界上最大的热带森林，覆盖530万公里（Ter Steege et al. 2013），贡献了17%的陆地植被碳储量（Feldpausch et al. 2012），巨型树木的发现提高了我们对它们对全球碳动态和生物多样性影响的理解。罗斯·F. 1992。温带森林管理：对苔藓植物和地衣植物和生境的影响。编辑：Bates JW和Farmer AM。变化环境中的苔藓植物和地衣。牛津，英国：克拉伦登出版社。张建军，张建军，张建军等。2000。附生地衣的扩散限制导致物种依赖于原生林。苹果学报10:789-99。蒂贝尔。1992。北方针叶林地衣作为森林连续性的指示物。北公交12:427 - 50。张建军，张建军，张建军，等。2003。森林植物物种对土地利用变化的响应：基于生活史特征的方法。中国生物医学工程学报，21(3):563 - 567。
© The Ecological Society of America Front Ecol Environ doi:10.1002/fee.2085 Our analysis of 594 airborne laser transects (375 ha each; WebFigure 1) obtained from airborne laser scanning (ALS) surveys conducted within the Amazon basin led to the discovery of a tree with a height of 88.5 m (Figure 1). It is surrounded by seven other trees taller than 80 m and many more above 75 m (WebFigure 2). The tree is located in a remote region, between Pará and Amapá states, at a straightline distance of 360 km from the Atlantic Ocean, 280 km from the Amazon River delta, and 220 km from the closest city; it lies approximately 220 m above sea level (WebFigure 3). Additional details about the ALS surveys and data processing are provided in WebPanel 1. The region is accessible only via military helicopters or in small boats up the Jari River, a rapidly flowing watercourse containing numerous waterfalls and carnivorous fish that make navigation dangerous and slow. The tallest extant trees on Earth, greater than 90 m, are located in North America, Southeast Asia, and Australia, in regions with average annual temperatures of 7.0°– 15.4°C in temperate forests, and 22°–29°C neighbors (Cramer 2011). Besides physiological and environmental constraints, disturbances such as windstorms, fires, pests, pathogens, and (increasingly) chain saws threaten the continued existence of giant trees. Tall trees are susceptible to uprooting and breakage by wind because they are more exposed and so experience higher wind load (Laurance et al. 2000). Large trees are particularly important as a source of inspiration to the general public, often playing a key role in campaigns to conserve forests. Furthermore, their dynamics are important for the maintenance of plant and animal diversity (Lindenmayer and Laurance 2016), and they contribute disproportionately to biomass and productivity (Lutz et al. 2018). Given that Amazonia represents the world’s largest tropical forest, covering 5.3 million km (Ter Steege et al. 2013) and contributing 17% of the terrestrial vegetation carbon stock (Feldpausch et al. 2012), the discovery of giant trees improves our understanding of their effects on global carbon dynamics and on biodiversity. Rose F. 1992. Temperate forest management: its effects on bryophytes and lichen florals and habitats. In: Bates JW and Farmer AM (Eds). Bryophytes and lichens in a changing environment. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. Sillett SC, McCune B, Peck JE, et al. 2000. Dispersal limitations of epiphytic lichens result in species dependent on oldgrowth forests. Ecol Appl 10: 789–99. Tibell L. 1992. Crustose lichens as indicators of forest continuity in boreal coniferous forests. Nord J Bot 12: 427–50. Verheyen K, Honnay O, Motzkin G, et al. 2003. Response of forest plant species to landuse change: a lifehistory traitbased approach. J Ecol 91: 563–77.