Basic water requirements for human activities: Meeting basic needs
Basic water requirements for human activities: Meeting basic needs
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DOI：
10.1080/02508069608686494
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发表时间：
1996-06-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Gleick, PH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Gleick, PH
过去几年来，全球对环境与发展问题的讨论在性质上发生了显著变化。在布伦特兰委员会的工作中，1992年巴西地球问题首脑会议的广泛筹备工作，以及随后的讨论和工作中，环境与发展之间的密切联系已被公认为是一个既定事实。目前正在讨论和研究的问题是如何以“可持续”的方式界定和实现发展。这是一个非常需要和受欢迎的变化。不幸的是，围绕“可持续”和“发展”这两个术语存在着相当多的辩论和混乱，而且只取得了有限的进展。水资源对于粮食生产、维持水生生态系统和保护人类健康至关重要，而水资源领域的这种缺乏进展尤其令人不安。在近20年前的1917年马德普拉塔会议上提出的概念中，“基本需求”是最早解决全球水问题的国际努力之一[2]：所有人民，不论其发展阶段和社会经济条件如何，都有权获得数量和质量均符合其基本需要的饮用水。这一概念在1992年里约热内卢地球首脑会议上得到了有力的重申，并扩大到包括生态用水需求[3]：
The last few years have seen a remarkable change in the nature of the global discussion of issues ofenvironment and development. In the work of the Brundtland Commission [I], the extensive lead-up to the 1992 Earth Summit in Brazil, and in subsequent discussions and work, the intimate connections between environment and development have been accepted as a given. The questions now being discussed and researched are how to define and achieve development in a “sustainable” way. This is a much needed and welcome change. Unfortunately, considerable debate and confusion surround both the terms “sustainable” and “development” and only modest forward progress has been made. This lack of progress is particularly disturbing in the area of water resources, which are vitally important for producing food, maintaining aquatic ecosystems, and protecting human health.Among the concepts raised nearly 20 years ago during the 1917 Mar de1 Plata conference-one of the earliest international efforts to address global water problemswas that of “basic needs”[2]: alI peoples, whatever their stage of development and their social and economic conditions, have the right to have access to drinking water in quantities and of a quality equal to their basic needs. This concept was strongly reaffirmed during the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro and expanded to include ecological water needs [3]: