Range and Frequency of Africanized Honey Bees in California (USA)
Range and Frequency of Africanized Honey Bees in California (USA)
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0137407
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发表时间：
2015-09-11
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Kohn, Joshua R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kono, Yoshiaki;Kohn, Joshua R.
非洲化的蜜蜂于1994年进入加州，但很少有关于它们向北扩张或它们相对于欧洲蜜蜂的频率的报道。我们使用线粒体标记和形态计量分析来确定非洲蜜蜂在圣地亚哥县的流行情况，以及它们目前在内华达山脉以西的加利福尼亚州向北的进展。在加州中央山谷萨克拉门托以南约40公里处检测到的最北端的非洲人有丝分裂型。在圣地亚哥县，65%的觅食蜜蜂工人携带非洲线粒体，使用形态测量估计的非洲化蜜蜂工人的百分比相似(61%)。圣地亚哥县的有丝分裂型与形态之间没有相关性，这表明非洲化的蜜蜂是双向杂交的结果。在圣地亚哥县抽样的野生蜂箱中，70%携带非洲有丝分裂型，但只有13%的管理蜂箱携带非洲有丝分裂型，这表明圣地亚哥县城乡的很大一部分觅食工人都是野性的。我们还在DNA条码位点COI上发现了单核苷酸多态，它区分了欧洲和非洲的有丝分裂型。使用来自全球生命条形码数据库的401个地理参考蜜蜂序列证实了该标记的实用性。未来的人口普查可以确定目前非洲化蜜蜂的范围是否稳定，核基因的渗入模式，以及可能限制非洲化蜜蜂北部范围的环境因素。
Africanized honey bees entered California in 1994 but few accounts of their northward expansion or their frequency relative to European honey bees have been published. We used mitochondrial markers and morphometric analyses to determine the prevalence of Africanized honeybees in San Diego County and their current northward progress in California west of the Sierra Nevada crest. The northernmost African mitotypes detected were approximately 40 km south of Sacramento in California's central valley. In San Diego County, 65% of foraging honey bee workers carry African mitochondria and the estimated percentage of Africanized workers using morphological measurements is similar (61%). There was no correlation between mitotype and morphology in San Diego County suggesting Africanized bees result from bidirectional hybridization. Seventy percent of feral hives, but only 13% of managed hives, sampled in San Diego County carried the African mitotype indicating that a large fraction of foraging workers in both urban and rural San Diego County are feral. We also found a single nucleotide polymorphism at the DNA barcode locus COI that distinguishes European and African mitotypes. The utility of this marker was confirmed using 401 georeferenced honey bee sequences from the worldwide Barcode of Life Database. Future censuses can determine whether the current range of the Africanized form is stable, patterns of introgression at nuclear loci, and the environmental factors that may limit the northern range of the Africanized honey bee.