Xenobiotic pulmonary exposure and systemic cardiovascular response via neurological links.
Xenobiotic pulmonary exposure and systemic cardiovascular response via neurological links.
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DOI：
10.1152/ajpheart.00546.2015
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发表时间：
2015-11
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. Stapleton;A. Abukabda;S. Hardy;T. Nurkiewicz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Stapleton;A. Abukabda;S. Hardy;T. Nurkiewicz
在过去的二十年里，人们对外来颗粒物暴露的心血管反应进行了越来越多的研究，产生了非常广泛和深入的研究成果。随着纳米技术的蓬勃发展，异质颗粒物的概念已经扩展到不仅包括空气污染颗粒物(PM)，而且还包括人为颗粒物，如工程纳米材料(ENM)。从历史上看，这些领域的大多数研究都集中在肺暴露以及与宿主炎症反应或直接颗粒-组织相互作用相关的不良生理效应上。由于这些假说既不能完全解释外来颗粒物暴露对心血管的有害影响，也不能完全解释它们的时间进程，因此很明显有必要进行实质性的神经干预。事实上，相当多的证据表明，神经参与不仅是一个重要的贡献因素，而且在评估异物颗粒毒性时，也是一个需要更彻底调查的现实。因此，这项检讨的范围是多方面的。首先，我们简要概述了中枢和外周神经系统的主要解剖成分，考虑了吸入颗粒物影响的潜在生物靶点。其次，对可能涉及的自主神经弧和机制进行了综述。第三，讨论了神经反应后的心血管后果。最后，讨论了与外源颗粒暴露相关的独特问题、未来风险和障碍。更好地了解这些神经问题可能会促进与现有研究相结合的研究，最终防止与PM暴露相关的不良心血管后果和/或确定安全的ENM，以促进人类健康。
The cardiovascular response to xenobiotic particle exposure has been increasingly studied over the last two decades, producing an extraordinary scope and depth of research findings. With the flourishing of nanotechnology, the term "xenobiotic particles" has expanded to encompass not only air pollution particulate matter (PM) but also anthropogenic particles, such as engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Historically, the majority of research in these fields has focused on pulmonary exposure and the adverse physiological effects associated with a host inflammatory response or direct particle-tissue interactions. Because these hypotheses can neither account entirely for the deleterious cardiovascular effects of xenobiotic particle exposure nor their time course, the case for substantial neurological involvement is apparent. Indeed, considerable evidence suggests that not only is neural involvement a significant contributor but also a reality that needs to be investigated more thoroughly when assessing xenobiotic particle toxicities. Therefore, the scope of this review is several-fold. First, we provide a brief overview of the major anatomical components of the central and peripheral nervous systems, giving consideration to the potential biologic targets affected by inhaled particles. Second, the autonomic arcs and mechanisms that may be involved are reviewed. Third, the cardiovascular outcomes following neurological responses are discussed. Lastly, unique problems, future risks, and hurdles associated with xenobiotic particle exposure are discussed. A better understanding of these neural issues may facilitate research that in conjunction with existing research, will ultimately prevent the untoward cardiovascular outcomes associated with PM exposures and/or identify safe ENMs for the advancement of human health.