Are housing tenure and car access still associated with health? A repeat cross-sectional study of UK adults over a 13-year period.
Are housing tenure and car access still associated with health? A repeat cross-sectional study of UK adults over a 13-year period.
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DOI：
10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012268
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发表时间：
2016-11-02
期刊：
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Kearns A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ellaway A;Macdonald L;Kearns A
人们通常认为，住房保有权和汽车使用权与健康有关，仅仅是因为它们是社会阶层或收入和财富的标志。然而，在20世纪90年代末进行的先前研究发现，这些家庭资产与健康无关，与社会阶层和收入无关。在这里，我们开始研究这种情况是否仍然存在。我们使用的数据，从我们的2010年邮政调查的随机样本的成年人（n=2092）在8个地方当局在苏格兰西部地区。自我报告的健康措施包括限制长期疾病（LLSI），过去一年的一般健康状况和医院焦虑和抑郁量表。我们发现，无论是否将社会阶层或收入作为控制因素，住房保有权和所有4项健康指标之间都存在统计学显著关系。与自住业主相比，社会租房者更有可能报告健康状况不佳（控制社会阶层-LLSI OR：3.24，一般健康OR：2.82，焦虑η2：0.031，抑郁η2：0.048，控制收入-LLSI OR：3.28，一般健康OR：2.82，焦虑η2：0.033，抑郁η2：0.057）（所有模型p<0.001）。拥有汽车与抑郁和焦虑独立相关，非车主患抑郁和焦虑的风险更高（控制收入焦虑η2：0.010，抑郁η2：0.023，控制社会阶层焦虑η2：0.013，抑郁η2：0.033）（所有模型p<0.001）。我们的研究结果表明，在考虑了已知的相关因素（年龄，性别，社会阶层，收入）后，住房保有权和汽车拥有权仍然与健康有关。需要进一步研究，以揭示这些家庭资产的一些特征，如住房质量以及获得和使用不同形式的交通工具，以确定它们在不同情况下可能与哪些健康益处或不利因素相关。
It is usually assumed that housing tenure and car access are associated with health simply because they are acting as markers for social class or income and wealth. However, previous studies conducted in the late 1990s found that these household assets were associated with health independently of social class and income. Here, we set out to examine if this is still the case. We use data from our 2010 postal survey of a random sample of adults (n=2092) in 8 local authority areas in the West of Scotland. Self-reported health measures included limiting longstanding illness (LLSI), general health over the last year and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. We found a statistically significant relationship between housing tenure and all 4 health measures, regardless of the inclusion of social class or income as controls. Compared with owner occupiers, social renters were more likely to report ill-health (controlling for social class—LLSI OR: 3.24, general health OR: 2.82, anxiety η2: 0.031, depression η2: 0.048, controlling for income—LLSI OR: 3.28, general health OR: 2.82, anxiety η2: 0.033, depression η2: 0.057) (p<0.001 for all models). Car ownership was independently associated with depression and anxiety, with non-owners at higher risk of both (controlling for income—anxiety η2: 0.010, depression η2: 0.023, controlling for social class—anxiety η2: 0.013, depression η2: 0.033) (p<0.001 for all models). Our results show that housing tenure and car ownership are still associated with health, after taking known correlates (age, sex, social class, income) into account. Further research is required to unpack some of the features of these household assets such as the quality of the dwelling and access to and use of different forms of transport to determine what health benefits or disbenefits they may be associated with in different contexts.
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