Transkeian Migrant Workers and Youth Labour on the Natal Sugar Estates 1918–1948
Transkeian Migrant Workers and Youth Labour on the Natal Sugar Estates 1918–1948
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1918-1948 年纳塔尔糖业庄园的特兰斯凯亚移民工人和青年劳工
DOI：
10.1017/s0021853700025330
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发表时间：
1990
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
William Beinart
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
William Beinart
在两次世界大战期间，经常有关于南非纳塔尔糖业的遗弃、青年劳工和恶劣条件的报道。在国家大力保护的帮助下，糖的生产迅速扩大；种植园主在特兰斯凯大力招募非洲农村人来取代印度契约工人。他们还利用自己的政治力量，防止将采矿业的劳工条例扩大到糖田，从而可以雇用因健康原因被矿场拒之门外的工人和青年。南非矿山和农业在劳工问题上的冲突是通过对农业不加以管制以及农场劳工佃户的不动来解决的。卫生和土著事务部门的官员急于控制社会混乱，尽量减少死亡人数，试图规范糖业。这个问题在州和土著事务部内部产生了分歧。包括说英语的种植园主在内的农业利益集团在两次世界大战期间变得尤为强大，官员们在控制他们方面几乎没有成功。但是，非洲青年劳动力的存在不仅仅是因为有巨大的需求，还因为有供应。年轻人不得不在农民社区工作。尽管他们的工作植根于不同的社会伦理，但有证据表明，对他们的需求正在增加；一些人“跑”到糖田去了。酋长和议员们希望控制青年和儿童移民，因为他们担心他们的福利和对牧童的需求。这种迁移模式在20世纪40年代变得不那么常见了，这不仅是因为庄园的生产模式发生了变化，还因为农村地区的社会变化。正如在其他情况下一样，南非劳动力市场的性质部分是通过农村社区内部和农村社区的斗争过程形成的。
During the inter-war years, there were frequent reports of desertion, youth labour and atrocious conditions on the sugar estates of Natal, South Africa. Sugar production, assisted by heavy state protection, was expanding rapidly; planters recruited vigorously amongst rural Africans in Transkei to replace Indian indentured workers. They also used their political muscle in order to prevent the extension of labour regulations in the mining industry to the sugar fields and could thus employ workers rejected from the mines on health grounds as well as youths. The conflict between mines and agriculture over labour in South Africa was resolved by non-regulation of agriculture as well as by the immobilization of labour tenants on farms. Officials in the departments of Health and Native Affairs, anxious to control social disruption and minimize fatalities, tried to regulate the sugar estates. The issue divided the state and the Native Affairs Department.itself. Agrarian interests, including English-speaking planters, became particularly powerful in the inter-war years, and officials had little success in controlling them. But African youth labour was available not simply because there was a large demand, but also because there was a supply. Youths had to work in peasant communities. Although their work was embedded in a different social ethic, there is evidence to suggest that demands on them were increasing; some ‘ran away’ to the sugar fields. Chiefs and councillors wished to control youth and child migration both because of fears about their welfare and the need for herdboys. This pattern of migration became less common in the 1940s not only because production patterns on the estates changed, but also because of social changes in the rural areas. As in other contexts, the nature of the South African labour market was partly shaped through a process of struggle within and by rural communities.