International biological flora: Ginkgo biloba
International biological flora: Ginkgo biloba
复制标题
国际生物区系：银杏
DOI：
10.1111/1365-2745.13856
复制
发表时间：
2022-03-10
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Zhao, Yun-Peng
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lin, Han-Yang;Li, Wen-Hao;Zhao, Yun-Peng
本报告介绍了银杏生物学各方面的信息。（银杏，马尾树），这是有关了解其生态特性。主要议题在国际生物植物群的标准框架内提出：分布，生境，群落，对生物因素的反应，对环境的反应，结构和生理学，物候学，生殖和种子特征，食草动物和疾病，历史，保护和全球异质性。根据一项荟萃分析，在全球范围内，银杏在年平均温度（− 3.3至23.3 ° C）和年降水量（34 - 3925 mm）条件下生存。它喜欢温暖、潮湿、开放的树冠和排水良好的环境。该物种对干旱、寒冷、火灾、空气污染、重金属和低盐有很强的耐受性，但不耐受长时间的遮荫和洪涝。二战期间，日本广岛的原子弹爆炸后，有六棵银杏树幸存下来。银杏对几种疾病易感。那些发生在苗圃幼苗和幼树涉及茎腐病和叶枯萎病。前者由菜豆茎点霉（Macrophomina phaseoli）引起，可导致幼苗死亡率5%~12%，最高可达31.8%。这种疾病可以通过4小时的遮光处理和施用有机肥料来减轻。引起银杏叶枯病的病原菌包括链格孢、炭疽菌和银杏盘多毛孢，在某些地区可100%侵染幼树。施用45%多菌灵或50%吐丝特可有效防治玉米大斑病。银杏是世界上最具特色的树种之一，在植物进化和人类社会中占有重要地位。这是一个高大的落叶雌雄异株树原产于中国。在中国东部、南部和西南部的3个冰川避难所中分别发现了避难所种群，其分布格局为斑块状，种群规模较小。它通常生长在暖温带落叶（和常绿混合）阔叶林中的沿着洪水干扰的河边。自六世纪以来，银杏可能多次从中国引进。它已被种植作为一个景观树世界各地，除了在南极洲。银杏还具有很高的食用价值、药用价值、宗教价值和艺术价值，是中国的自然和文化象征。
This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgo, Maidenhair tree) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the International Biological Flora: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, reproductive and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, conservation and global heterogeneity. Globally, Ginkgo survives a wide range of mean annual temperature (−3.3 to 23.3°C) and annual precipitation (34–3925 mm) conditions, according to a meta‐analysis. It prefers a warm, humid, open‐canopy and a well‐drained environment. The species shows strong tolerance to drought, freezing, fire, air pollution, heavy metals and low‐level salt, whereas it is intolerant to long‐time shade and waterlogging. Six Ginkgo trees even survived the atom bomb in Hiroshima, Japan, during World War II. Ginkgo is susceptible to few diseases. Those occurring in nursery seedlings and juvenile trees involve stem rot and leaf blight. The former is caused by Macrophomina phaseoli, which could lead to a mortality rate of 5%–12% (up to 31.8%) for seedlings. This disease can be mitigated by a 4‐h shading treatment and applying organic fertilisers. The pathogens inducing leaf blight include Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Pestalotia ginkgo, which may infect 100% juvenile trees in some regions. The application of 45% carbendazim or 50% Tuzet can effectively prevent leaf blight. Ginkgo biloba is one of the world’s most distinctive trees with an important position in plant evolution and human society. It is a tall deciduous dioecious tree native to China. Refugial populations were identified in three glacial refugia located in eastern, southern and south‐western China, respectively, with a patchy distribution pattern and a small population size. It typically grows along flood‐disturbed streamsides in warm‐temperate deciduous (and evergreen mixed) broadleaved forests. Ginkgo may have been introduced repeatedly out of China since the sixth century. It has been planted as a landscape tree world‐wide, except in Antarctica. Ginkgo is also of great value for edible nuts, herbal medicine, religion and art. It is a natural and cultural symbol of China.