Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm - An overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement
Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm - An overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement
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DOI：
10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.112
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发表时间：
2012-05-28
期刊：
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Kata, Anna
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kata, Anna
反对接种疫苗的网站在互联网上盛行。由交互和用户生成内容定义的Web 2.0已经无处不在。此外，一种新的后现代医疗模式已经出现，权力从医生转移到患者，科学的合法性受到质疑，专业知识被重新定义。这共同创造了一个环境，使反疫苗活动家能够有效地传播他们的信息。有证据表明，个人转向互联网寻求疫苗接种建议，并表明这些来源可能会影响疫苗接种决定-因此，反疫苗网站可能会影响人们是否接种疫苗。本概述探讨了人们可能在网上遇到的言论类型，以便更好地理解为什么反疫苗接种运动可以令人信服，尽管他们的主张缺乏科学支持。策略和比喻通常用来反对疫苗接种。这包括歪曲科学、改变假设、审查异议和攻击批评者等行动;还讨论了经常提出的主张，如不是“反疫苗”，而是“支持安全疫苗”，疫苗是有毒的或非自然的等等。认识到反疫苗接种运动提出的虚假主张对于批判性地评估网上遇到的信息和错误信息至关重要。(C)2011爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
Websites opposing vaccination are prevalent on the Internet. Web 2.0, defined by interaction and user-generated content, has become ubiquitous. Furthermore, a new postmodern paradigm of healthcare has emerged, where power has shifted from doctors to patients, the legitimacy of science is questioned, and expertise is redefined. Together this has created an environment where anti-vaccine activists are able to effectively spread their messages. Evidence shows that individuals turn to the Internet for vaccination advice, and suggests such sources can impact vaccination decisions - therefore it is likely that anti-vaccine websites can influence whether people vaccinate themselves or their children. This overview examines the types of rhetoric individuals may encounter online in order to better understand why the anti-vaccination movement can be convincing, despite lacking scientific support for their claims. Tactics and tropes commonly used to argue against vaccination are described. This includes actions such as skewing science, shifting hypotheses, censoring dissent, and attacking critics; also discussed are frequently made claims such as not being "anti-vaccine" but "pro-safe vaccines", that vaccines are toxic or unnatural, and more. Recognizing disingenuous claims made by the anti-vaccination movement is essential in order to critically evaluate the information and misinformation encountered online. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.