Radiation protection principles of NCRP
Radiation protection principles of NCRP
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DOI：
10.1097/00004032-200409000-00005
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发表时间：
2004-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Kase, KR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kase, KR
美国国家辐射防护和测量委员会（NCRP）目前关于电离辐射的建议是根据辐射防护原则制定的，这些原则是随着有关辐射对人类影响的信息的获得而发展起来的。由于《NCRP宪章》规定NCRP将与国际放射防护委员会（ICRP）合作，因此NCRP的辐射防护基本原则和建议与ICRP的基本原则和建议密切相关。因此，ICRP第26号出版物中最初提出的论证、优化和剂量限制的基本原则已被NCRP采纳并应用于其建议中。ICRP和NCRP关于一般公众和职业受照个人的剂量限制的建议是基于相同的辐射风险分析，虽然相似，但也存在差异，反映了美国辐射应用和照射情况的独特方面。NCRP最近扩展了其指导方针，以解决从事太空活动的个人的暴露问题。已经发布或正在编写若干报告，就剂量限制和制定辐射安全方案提出建议，以便在空间活动中应用辐射防护原则。这些建议的生物学基础在这些报告和随附的NCRP报告中提供。多年来，许多报告都提出了应用基本辐射防护原则的建议。最新的出现在过去15年中发表的约50份报告中。这些报告涉及工业和医疗机构的辐射安全做法、环境中的放射性核素控制、公众保护和辐射风险评估。本文将讨论这些建议的某些方面。目前有关辐射安全做法的建议是根据第116号报告中规定的原则和剂量限值提出的。这些限制是基于对致命癌症风险的估计，以及对职业暴露工人和公众应该容忍的风险的评估。这些风险水平与个人在生活中接受的其他风险有关。展望未来，人们可能会考虑NCRP在制定辐射安全建议时可能采取的其他方向，这些建议仍然基于既定的原则，例如将剂量与预期寿命的损失而不是致命的癌症风险联系起来。也可能需要重新考虑论证、优化和剂量限制的原则。例如，NCRP可能会就辐射剂量与各种生物效应或结果的关系以及由此产生的风险估计提出建议，但不会规定剂量限值。这将使NCRP不必对可接受的风险进行推测。人们还可以想象，辩解原则不仅可以适用于引入新的辐射源，也可以适用于消除现有辐射源，即为净化努力辩护的想法。很明显，随着我们进入21世纪，NCRP将继续需要确定辐射防护所依据的原则，并为辐射和放射性物质在社会上的许多有益用途的应用提供指导。
The current recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) relative to ionizing radiation are based on radiation protection principles that developed historically as information about radiation effects on human populations became available. Because the NCRP Charter states that the NCRP will cooperate with the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the basic principles and recommendations for radiation protection of the NCRP are closely coupled with those of the ICRP. Thus, the fundamental principles of justification, optimization, and dose limitation as initially stated in ICRP Publication 26 have been adopted and applied by the NCRP in its recommendations. ICRP and NCRP recommendations on dose limitation for the general public and for occupationally exposed individuals are based on the same analyses of radiation risk, and, while similar, there are differences reflecting the aspects of radiation application and exposure circumstances unique to the United States. The NCRP has recently extended its guidance to address exposure to individuals engaged in space activities. Several reports have been issued or are in preparation to provide recommendations on dose limitation and the development of radiation safety programs to apply the radiation protection principles in space activities. The biological basis for these recommendations is provided in these and accompanying NCRP reports. Recommendations for the application of basic radiation protection principles have been made in many reports over the years. Those that are most current appear in approximately 50 reports published in the last 15 y. These address radiation safety practices in industrial and medical institutions, control of radionuclides in the environment, protection of the public, and assessment of radiation risk. Some of the aspects of these recommendations will be discussed. Current recommendations related to radiation safety practice are based on the principles and dose limits specified in Report No. 116. The limits are based on estimates of the risk of fatal cancer and an assessment of the risk that should be tolerated by workers who are occupationally exposed and by the general public. These levels of risk are related to other risks that individuals accept in their lives. Looking to the future, one might consider other directions that the NCRP could take in developing radiation safety recommendations that are still based upon the stated principles, such as relating dose to loss of life expectancy instead of fatal cancer risk. It may also be that the principles of justification, optimization, and dose limitation should be reconsidered. For example, the NCRP may make recommendations about the relationship of radiation dose to various biological effects or outcomes and the resulting estimates of risk, but not specify dose limits. This would relieve the NCRP of the necessity to speculate about acceptable risks. One can also imagine that the principle of justification could be applied not only to the introduction of a new source of radiation, but also to the removal of an existing source of radiation, i.e., the idea of justifying decontamination efforts. It is clear that as we move into the 21st century there will be a continuing need for the NCRP to identify the principles upon which radiation protection is to be based and to provide guidance on the application of those principles for the many beneficial uses of radiation and radioactive materials in society.