Nanostructures and nanocrystalline composite materials—synthesis, stability and phase transformations
Nanostructures and nanocrystalline composite materials—synthesis, stability and phase transformations
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纳米结构和纳米晶复合材料——合成、稳定性和相变
DOI：
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发表时间：
2006
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通讯作者：
G. Wilde
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作者：
G. Wilde
纳米结构材料为新的和潜在的非常有用的产品提供了特别的希望，因为它们可以具有非常不同的并且通常上级的性质，这些性质关键地取决于内部或外部界面的原子细节。纳米结构可以用于广泛的背景下，其中大多数是其中纳米结构的集合被组装成复杂的功能性排列的背景下。由于纳米结构材料是远离热力学平衡的结构，并且由于它们具有短的传输路径，因此快速扩散和快速转变动力学通常导致粗化以及微结构和相关性质的劣化。因此，确保纳米级结构的稳定性，例如通过利用复合方法，是一个关键问题。然而，这种方法对加工相关问题以及相和相混合物的稳定性施加了额外的限制，并且由于尺寸限制和内部异相界面的存在，还对纳米级结构单元内的相变施加了额外的限制。虽然整个领域是太庞大，不能在一个单一的概述中解决，将试图突出有关先进的合成选择和相稳定性和相变问题的无机纳米晶复合材料的最新发展。这些问题通常被认为是纳米结构的系统，即系统的特点是一个大的特定的界面面积。版权所有© 2006约翰威利父子有限公司.
Nanostructured materials offer particular promise for new and potentially very useful products since they can have very different and often superior properties that crucially depend on the atomistic details of interior or exterior interfaces. The nanostructures may be used in a wide range of contexts, most of these are ones in which ensembles of nanostructures are assembled into complex, functional arrangements. As nanostructured materials are structures that are far from the thermodynamic equilibrium and since they have short transport pathways, fast diffusion and rapid transformation kinetics often lead to coarsening and to the deterioration of the microstructure and the associated properties. Ensuring the stability of the nanoscale structures, e.g. by utilizing a composite approach, is therefore a key issue. This approach, however, imposes additional constraints on processing‐related issues as well as on the stability of phases and phase mixtures, and also on the phase transformations within the nanoscale structural units because of the size confinement and the presence of internal heterophase interfaces. While the entire field is far too vast to be addressed in a single overview, an attempt will be made to highlight recent developments concerning advanced synthesis options and phase stability and phase transformation issues of inorganic nanocrystalline composite materials. These issues are to be considered generally for nanostructured systems, i.e. for systems that are characterized by a large specific interface area. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.