Cultivation strategies for growth of uncultivated bacteria.
Cultivation strategies for growth of uncultivated bacteria.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.job.2016.08.001
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发表时间：
2016-11
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Vartoukian SR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Vartoukian SR
大多数环境细菌和大约三分之一的口腔细菌仍未培养。此外，几个细菌门没有可培养的成员，只有通过分子方法检测它们的DNA才能识别。某些细菌对体外培养的纯度产生抵抗力的可能原因包括：没有满足苛刻的生长要求；在混合培养中受到环境条件或邻近细菌产生的化学因素的抑制；或者相反，依赖于与自然环境中其他细菌的相互作用，如果没有这些条件，它们就不能在隔离中生存。营养缺陷型细菌的基因组很小，缺乏必要的遗传物质来编码必需的营养物质，它们经常依靠与其他细菌的密切共生关系生存，因此可能对培养的纯度产生抵触。由于体外培养对细菌的综合特征至关重要，特别是在毒力和抗菌素耐药性方面，未培养生物的培养一直是几个研究实验室的主要重点。许多有针对性的和不限成员名额的策略已经被设计并成功使用。例子包括：使用菌落杂交对混合平板培养中的特定细菌进行有针对性的检测；在模拟自然环境中或在与‘辅助’菌株的共培养中生长；以及改进的培养基制备技术或定制培养基例如。补充具有潜在生长刺激因素的培养物，如铁载体。尽管近年来在培养以前未培养的细菌的方法方面取得了重大进展，但仍有相当一部分需要培养，制定高通量战略的努力应该是高度优先的。
The majority of environmental bacteria and around a third of oral bacteria remain uncultivated. Furthermore, several bacterial phyla have no cultivable members and are recognised only by detection of their DNA by molecular methods. Possible explanations for the resistance of certain bacteria to cultivation in purity in vitro include: unmet fastidious growth requirements; inhibition by environmental conditions or chemical factors produced by neighbouring bacteria in mixed cultures; or conversely, dependence on interactions with other bacteria in the natural environment, without which they cannot survive in isolation. Auxotrophic bacteria, with small genomes lacking in the necessary genetic material to encode for essential nutrients, frequently rely on close symbiotic relationships with other bacteria for survival, and may therefore be recalcitrant to cultivation in purity. Since in-vitro culture is essential for the comprehensive characterisation of bacteria, particularly with regard to virulence and antimicrobial resistance, the cultivation of uncultivated organisms has been a primary focus of several research laboratories. Many targeted and open-ended strategies have been devised and successfully used. Examples include: the targeted detection of specific bacteria in mixed plate cultures using colony hybridisation; growth in simulated natural environments or in co-culture with ‘helper’ strains; and modified media preparation techniques or development of customised media eg. supplementation of media with potential growth-stimulatory factors such as siderophores. Despite significant advances in recent years in methodologies for the cultivation of previously uncultivated bacteria, a substantial proportion remain to be cultured and efforts to devise high-throughput strategies should be a high priority.