Nobody's watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game
Nobody's watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game
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DOI：
10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.01.002
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发表时间：
2005-05-01
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Fessler, DMT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Haley, KJ;Fessler, DMT
模型表明，声誉形成的机会可以在维持合作和亲社会行为中发挥重要作用。实验经济博弈的结果支持这一结论，因为操纵声誉机会会影响亲社会行为。一些研究者注意到，即使在匿名的非迭代游戏中，一些亲社会行为仍然存在，他们认为人类具有独立于声誉管理的亲社会倾向。然而，决策过程中往往同时使用明确的命题知识和直觉或情感的判断所引发的隐性线索。操纵游戏参数改变了公开的策略中使用的明确信息，但留下了完整的线索，可能会影响与声誉形成相关的直觉判断。为了探索可观察性的微妙线索如何影响亲社会行为，我们进行了五个独裁者游戏，操纵他人存在的听觉线索（通过使用隔音耳罩）和视觉线索（通过呈现程式化的眼点）。虽然耳罩似乎减少慷慨，这种影响并不显着。然而，正如预测的那样，眼点大大增加了慷慨，尽管实际匿名性没有差异;当使用显示眼点的计算机时，与对照组相比，几乎有两倍的参与者给了他们的伴侣钱。亲社会行为的调查必须考虑两个明显的信息，游戏参数和微妙的线索影响直觉判断。(c)2005年爱思唯尔公司All rights reserved.
Models indicate that opportunities for reputation formation can play an important role in sustaining cooperation and prosocial behavior. Results from experimental economic games support this conclusion, as manipulating reputational opportunities affects prosocial behavior. Noting that some prosocial behavior remains even in anonymous noniterated games, some investigators argue that humans possess a propensity for prosociality independent of reputation management. However, decision-making processes often employ both explicit propositional knowledge and intuitive or affective judgments elicited by tacit cues. Manipulating game parameters alters explicit information employed in overt strategizing but leaves intact cues that may affect intuitive judgments relevant to reputation formation. To explore how subtle cues of observability impact prosocial behavior, we conducted five dictator games, manipulating both auditory cues of the presence of others (via the use of sound-deadening earmuffs) and visual cues (via the presentation of stylized eyespots). Although earmuffs appeared to reduce generosity, this effect was not significant. However, as predicted, eyespots substantially increased generosity, despite no differences in actual anonymity; when using a computer displaying eyespots, almost twice as many participants gave money to their partners compared with the controls. Investigations of prosocial behavior must consider both overt information about game parameters and subtle cues influencing intuitive judgments. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.