Does Heightening Risk Appraisals Change People's Intentions and Behavior? A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies
Does Heightening Risk Appraisals Change People's Intentions and Behavior? A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies
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DOI：
10.1037/a0033065
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发表时间：
2014-03-01
影响因子：
22.4
通讯作者：
Epton, Tracy
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sheeran, Paschal;Harris, Peter R.;Epton, Tracy
几种理论将风险评估解释为决策和行动的关键决定因素，这一观点已在相关研究中得到支持。然而，相关数据并不能回答这样一个问题：“提高风险评估是否会改变人们的意图和行为？”本综述对实验证据进行了荟萃分析，以解决这一问题。我们确定了风险评估的4个要素-风险感知、预期情绪、预期情绪和感知的严重性-并确定了实验的位置，这些实验(A)导致治疗参与者的风险评估比对照组参与者在统计上显著增加，(B)测量随后的意图或行为。增加风险评估对意向和行为的影响分别为d(+)=.31(k=217)和d(+)=.23(k=93)。有证据表明，风险评估的要素结合在一起影响了结果。例如，当预期情绪或感知的严重性也增加时，风险感知的增强对结果有更大的影响。至关重要的是，风险评估的效果通过应对评估得到增强：当应对效能和自我效能提高或应对成本降低时，风险评估对结果的影响更大。当风险评估、反应效能和自我效能同时提高时(意图和行为的d(+)分别为0.98和0.45)，可以观察到最大的效应大小。这些发现表明，加强风险评估会改变意图和行为。然而，风险评估的直接影响通常很小。利用风险评估各要素之间以及风险评估和应对评估之间的协同作用，应有助于更有效地采取行为改变干预措施。
Several theories construe risk appraisals as key determinants of decisions and actions, and this idea has been supported in correlational studies. However, correlational data cannot answer the question, "Does heightening risk appraisals change people's intentions and behavior?" The present review meta-analyzed experimental evidence in order to address this issue. We identified 4 elements of risk appraisal-risk perception, anticipatory emotion, anticipated emotion, and perceived severity-and located experiments that (a) engendered a statistically significant increase in risk appraisal among treatment compared to control participants and (b) measured subsequent intention or behavior. Heightening risk appraisals had effects of d(+) = .31 (k = 217) and d(+) = .23 (k = 93) on intention and behavior, respectively. There was evidence that the elements of risk appraisal combined to influence outcomes. For instance, heightening risk perceptions had larger effects on outcomes when anticipatory emotions or perceived severity was also increased. Crucially, risk appraisal effects were augmented by coping appraisals: Risk appraisals had larger effects on outcomes when response efficacy and self-efficacy were enhanced or when response costs were reduced. The largest effect sizes were observed when risk appraisals, response efficacy, and self-efficacy were simultaneously heightened (d(+) = .98 and .45, for intention and behavior, respectively). These findings indicate that heightening risk appraisals changes intentions and behavior. However, the direct effects of risk appraisals were generally small. Exploiting synergies among the elements of risk appraisal, and between risk appraisals and coping appraisals, should make for more effective behavior change interventions.