Females go where the food is: does the socio-ecological model explain variation in social organisation of solitary foragers?
Females go where the food is: does the socio-ecological model explain variation in social organisation of solitary foragers?
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DOI：
10.1007/s00265-009-0737-2
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发表时间：
2009-04-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Kappeler, Peter M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dammhahn, Melanie;Kappeler, Peter M.
社会生态模型（SEM）将生态因素与社会系统的特征联系起来，并可以预测资源分配、竞争类型和社会组织之间的关系。它主要应用于群居物种，但也应该解释独居物种社会组织的变化。本研究的目的是测试两种独居灵长类动物 SEM 的基本预测，这两种动物的雌性关联模式有两个特征不同：(1) 空间范围和 (2) 睡眠关联。从2002年8月开始，我们定期（重新）捕获并标记基林迪森林（马达加斯加）的贝尔特夫人狐猴和灰鼠狐猴（Microcebus berthae，Microcebus murinus）同域种群的个体。我们通过直接观察戴着无线电项圈的雌性来记录空间模式、进食和社会行为的数据。伯莎斑鳅的主要食物来源分布在分散的小斑块中，导致群内激烈的争夺竞争和雌性过度分散，从而导致雌性协会的潜力较低。相比之下，M. murinus 还使用分散的、高质量（大）的资源来促进群体内的竞争。不太强烈的群体内争夺和竞争以及群体间对非食物资源的竞争的综合影响使得该物种的雌性在空间中聚集。此外，我们通过实验操纵食物来源的空间分布，发现雌性会根据食物资源的分布调整其空间格局。因此，我们的结果支持了 SEM 的基本预测，并证明它也可以解释单独觅食者社会组织的变化。
The socio-ecological model (SEM) links ecological factors with characteristics of social systems and allows predictions about the relationships between resource distribution, type of competition and social organisation. It has been mainly applied to group-living species but ought to explain variation in social organisation of solitary species as well. The aim of this study was to test basic predictions of the SEM in two solitary primates, which differ in two characteristics of female association patterns: (1) spatial ranging and (2) sleeping associations. Beginning in August 2002, we regularly (re-)captured and marked individuals of sympatric populations of Madame Berthe's and grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus berthae, Microcebus murinus) in Kirindy Forest (Madagascar). We recorded data on spatial patterns, feeding and social behaviour by means of direct observation of radio-collared females. The major food sources of M. berthae occurred in small dispersed patches leading to strong within-group scramble competition and over-dispersed females with a low potential for female associations. In contrast, M. murinus additionally used patchily distributed, high-quality (large) resources facilitating within-group contest competition. The combined influence of less strong within-group scramble and contest as well as between-group contest over non-food resources allowed females of this species to cluster in space. Additionally, we experimentally manipulated the spatial distribution of food sources and found that females adjusted their spatial patterns to food resource distribution. Thus, our results support basic predictions of the SEM and demonstrated that it can also explain variation in social organisation of solitary foragers.