The Emerging Electric Vehicle and Battery Industry in Indonesia: Actions around the Nickel Ore Export Ban and a SWOT Analysis
The Emerging Electric Vehicle and Battery Industry in Indonesia: Actions around the Nickel Ore Export Ban and a SWOT Analysis
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DOI：
10.3390/batteries7040080
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发表时间：
2021-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Onoda, Hiroshi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pandyaswargo, Andante Hadi;Wibowo, Alan Dwi;Onoda, Hiroshi
随着汽车行业从内燃机（ICE）汽车转向电动汽车（EV），许多国家都在制定新的交通运输战略。锂离子电池因其高能量密度、耐用性、安全性和成本竞争力而成为目前电动汽车中最常见的电池。镍预计是锂镍钴锰氧化物（NMC）的重要成分，作为电动汽车应用的阴极材料。全球最大的镍矿供应国之一印尼宣布，从2020年起禁止出口镍矿。这一大胆的举措旨在启动国内电动汽车行业，并鼓励海外投资者将其制造活动推向该国。另一方面，从印度尼西亚进口镍的全球锂离子电池制造商不得不重新制定业务战略。这篇综述讨论了导致禁令的时间顺序事件，以及从媒体，政府法规和文献综述中获得的禁令之后的时间顺序事件。本研究的作者还与电池和电动汽车行业的国家专家和主要参与者进行了访谈并参加了研讨会，以获得他们最相关的见解。对所审查材料的SWOT分析表明，虽然印尼电池行业仍然是新的，但它需要使其研发活动多样化，并进行国际合作，以优化其资源利用并满足国内电动汽车市场的购买力。最后，本研究总结了六个关键因素，以支持印尼的雄心，成为一个新的区域中心的电动汽车。这些因素是：（1）定价，（2）技术，（3）政策，（4）投资，（5）基础设施，以及（6）遵守可持续性标准。
As the automotive industry shifts from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs), many countries are setting new strategies in their transportation sector. The Li-ion battery is currently the most common battery used in EVs due to its high energy density, durability, safety, and cost competitiveness. Nickel is predicted to be an essential component for the lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NMC) as a cathode material of choice for EV applications. Indonesia, one of the world's largest nickel ore suppliers, put an export ban on nickel ore effective from 2020. The bold movement was intended to initiate the domestic EV industry and encourage investors abroad to drive their manufacturing activities into the country. On the other hand, the global Li-ion battery manufacturers who imported nickel from Indonesia had to restrategize their businesses. This review discussed the chronological events leading to the ban and after the ban from the media, government regulations, and literature reviews. The authors of this study also conducted interviews and attended seminars with the national experts and key players in the battery and EV industry to gain their most pertinent insights. The SWOT analysis of the reviewed materials indicated that while the Indonesian battery industry is still new, it needs to diversify its research and development activities and collaborate internationally to optimize the utilization of its resources and meet the purchasing power of the domestic EV market. Finally, this study summarized six key factors to support Indonesia's ambition to be a new regional hub for EVs. These factors are: (1) pricing, (2) technology, (3) policy, (4) investment, (5) infrastructure, and (6) compliance with sustainability standards.