Estimating Putting Outcomes in Golf: Experts Have a Better Sense of Distance
Estimating Putting Outcomes in Golf: Experts Have a Better Sense of Distance
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DOI：
10.1177/0031512518754467
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发表时间：
2018-04-01
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
Iwami, Masato
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Tanaka, Hideyuki;Iwami, Masato
在推杆时，高尔夫球手需要对推杆动作和结果之间的因果关系有一种内在的向前感，即距离感，以决定适当的冲击强度。由于之前没有研究表明熟练高尔夫球手具有这种认知能力，我们试图量化专家和新手高尔夫球手在推杆-挥杆一致性和结果估计准确性方面的距离感技能差异。我们比较了9名专业高尔夫球手和9名新手对推杆结果的估计，方法是让他们将高尔夫球推杆到三个距离（1.2米、2.4米和3.6米）的目标上，然后，在推杆撞击球后立即自动关闭他们的电动快门眼镜，他们给出了对球停在哪里的最佳估计。我们通过计算停止球的实际位置和估计位置之间的绝对误差来评估结果估计精度。我们还使用动作捕捉系统测量和分析推杆在任务期间的头部摆动动作。双向、混合设计分析方差检验显示，与新手相比，专业高尔夫球手在推杆头运动学方面的可变性显著降低，结果估计的准确性更高。以目标距离为控制变量的线性偏相关分析检验了结果估计性能与推杆头变异性运动学测量之间的关系。在单独的数据库中，专家和新手之间没有显著的相关性，而在集体数据库中发现了中等相关性。因此，挥杆的一致性和距离感是独立的技能，它们都是推杆的专业知识，并且每一项都需要专门的训练来提高推杆技术。
In putting, golfers require an internal forward sense of the causal relationship between putting actions and outcomesa sense of distanceto decide appropriate impact intensity. As no previous work has shown such a cognitive ability in skilled golfers, we sought to quantify sense-of-distance skill differences between experts and novice golfers in both putting-swing consistency and accuracy of outcome estimation. We compared nine expert and nine novice golfers on putting-outcome estimation by having them putt a golf ball to a target located at three distances (1.2, 2.4, and 3.6m), and then, after automatic closure of their electric-shutter spectacles immediately following putter impact with the ball, they gave their best estimate of where the ball stopped. We assessed outcome-estimation accuracy by calculating the absolute error between the stopped ball's actual and estimated positions. We also measured and analyzed putter head-swing movements during the task using a motion-capture system. Two-way, mixed-design analysis of variance tests revealed that expert golfers achieved both significantly lower variability in putter-head kinematics and higher accuracy at outcome estimation than the novices. Linear partial correlation analyses with target distance as the control variable tested the relationship between outcome-estimation performance and putter-head variability kinematic measurements. There were no significant correlations between them for experts and novices in separate databases, while medium correlations were found in a collective database. Thus, swing consistency and a sense of distance are independent skills that both account for putting expertise, and specific training is required for each to improve putting skills.