Pause and travel: how sneakers approach closer to spawning sites under territorial vigilance
Pause and travel: how sneakers approach closer to spawning sites under territorial vigilance
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暂停和旅行：运动鞋如何在领地警惕下接近产卵地
DOI：
10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.04.001
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Kazutaka Ota
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Deo C. Mushagalusa;Satoshi Awata;Shun Satoh;Kazutaka Ota;Michio Hori;Muderhwa Nshombo;Masanori Kohda;奥田敏統（一部）;Kazutaka Ota
亮点：地域性雄性对运动鞋的运动非常敏感。滑雪者使用暂停-旅行运动来靠近产卵地点。滑雪者调整动作，在警戒放松时经常移动。这些行为策略与跟踪捕食者的行为非常相似。较小的替代繁殖策略通常由领土和偷偷策略组成。在底物孵化的鱼类中，运动鞋试图通过突然从产卵地点以外的地方冲向雌性鱼类来窃取受精，但它们通常在匆忙之前被领地警戒抓住。然而，很少有人关注运动鞋如何克服地域警惕，这限制了人们对替代生殖策略的生态和进化理解。我在《三鳍金枪鱼》中通过分析野外记录的运动鞋行为解决了这个问题。在冲刺之前，运动鞋逐渐接近产卵地点，同时反复停顿和向前移动，但大部分时间都在停顿。他们慢慢地走了很短的距离。领地雄性发现了大约四分之三的偷袭企图。通常在开始移动后立即检测到运动鞋，这表明移动是潜行失败的主要原因。更频繁地检测到更长和更快的移动，特别是在离产卵地点更远的地方。当领地雄性面向运动鞋而不是背离运动鞋时，也会更多地检测到运动。这表明，运动鞋的性能和领地雄性的注意力状态都会影响潜行的成功。运动鞋更频繁地从领地雄性的后面开始移动，而不是从它们的前面移动，然后被发现的频率也更低。总而言之，运动鞋似乎通过暂停旅行的运动来隐藏自己的动作，调整自己的动作，选择有利的时机。尽管如此，对运动敏感的领地雄性仍能察觉到它们。
HighlightsTerritorial males were sensitive to sneaker motion.Sneakers used pause-travel locomotion to get closer to spawning site.Sneakers adjusted movements and often moved when vigilance was relaxed.These behavioural strategies were very similar to those of stalking predators.Male alternative reproductive tactics typically consist of territorial and sneaking tactics. In substrate-brooding fishes, sneakers try to steal fertilizations by suddenly rushing towards females from outside the spawning sites, but they are usually caught through territorial vigilance before rushing. Nevertheless, attention is seldom paid to how sneakers overcome territorial vigilance, which limits the ecological and evolutionary understanding of alternative reproductive tactics. I addressed this issue in the triplefin blenny, Enneapterygius etheostoma, by analysing sneaker behaviour recorded in the wild. Prior to rushing, sneakers gradually got closer to the spawning sites while repeatedly pausing and moving forwards but spent most of their time pausing. They moved slowly for short distances. Territorial males detected about three-quarters of the sneaking attempts. A sneaker was detected usually immediately after starting to move, indicating that movement was a major cause of sneaking failure. Longer and faster movements were detected more frequently, particularly further from spawning sites. Movements were also detected more when territorial males faced towards, rather than away from, the sneakers. This suggests that both sneaker performance and the attentive state of territorial males affect sneaking success. Sneakers more frequently started moving from behind territorial males than from in front of them, and were then less frequently detected. In sum, sneakers seemed to conceal their movements through pause-travel locomotion, adjusting their movements and choosing favourable situations. Nevertheless, they were still detected by motion-sensitive territorial males.