Six2 regulates Pax9 expression, palatogenesis and craniofacial bone formation.

Six2 regulates Pax9 expression, palatogenesis and craniofacial bone formation.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.11.010
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发表时间:
2020-02-15
影响因子:
2.7
通讯作者:
Amendt BA
Amendt BA
中科院分区:
生物学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Sweat YY;Sweat M;Mansaray M;Cao H;Eliason S;Adeyemo WL;Gowans LJJ;Eshete MA;Anand D;Chalkley C;Saadi I;Lachke SA;Butali A;Amendt BA

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在这项研究中,我们研究了转录因子Six 2在腭发育中的作用。使用SysFACE工具选择Six 2来预测来自2 p21基因座的基因,2 p21基因座是与GWAS在人类中的分裂相关的区域,其可能参与腭发育。我们通过显示22%的Six 2无效胚胎发生腭裂,功能验证了Six 2在腭裂发生中的预测作用。Six 2通过促进间充质细胞增殖和调节骨形成来促进腭发育。Six 2 −/−胚胎的分裂表型与Pax 9缺失胚胎相似,因此我们研究了这两个基因的功能关系。在机制上,SIX 2结合PAX 9 5'上游调控元件并激活PAX 9表达。此外,我们还在一例腭裂先证者中发现了一个人类SIX 2编码变异体(p.Gly264Glu)。我们发现这种错义突变影响SIX 2蛋白的稳定性,并导致PAX 9表达降低。Six 2基因敲除小鼠中的低突变率与一名腭裂患者中的突变相结合,强调了其他基因在裂中的潜在组合相互作用。我们的研究表明,Six 2与发育中的腭发育基因调控网络相互作用。
In this study, we investigated the role of the transcription factor Six2 in palate development. Six2 was selected using the SysFACE tool to predict genes from the 2p21 locus, a region associated with clefting in humans by GWAS, that are likely to be involved in palatogenesis. We functionally validated the predicted role of Six2 in palatogenesis by showing that 22% of Six2 null embryos develop cleft palate. Six2 contributes to palatogenesis by promoting mesenchymal cell proliferation and regulating bone formation. The clefting phenotype in Six2−/− embryos is similar to Pax9 null embryos, so we examined the functional relationship of these two genes. Mechanistically, SIX2 binds to a PAX9 5’ upstream regulatory element and activates PAX9 expression. In addition, we identified a human SIX2 coding variant (p.Gly264Glu) in a proband with cleft palate. We show this missense mutation affects the stability of the SIX2 protein and leads to decreased PAX9 expression. The low penetrance of clefting in the Six2 null mouse combined with the mutation in one patient with cleft palate underscores the potential combinatorial interactions of other genes in clefting. Our study demonstrates that Six2 interacts with the developmental gene regulatory network in the developing palate.
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