2-COMMUNITIES THEORY AND KNOWLEDGE UTILIZATION
2-COMMUNITIES THEORY AND KNOWLEDGE UTILIZATION
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DOI：
10.1177/000276427902200308
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发表时间：
1979-01-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
CAPLAN, N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
CAPLAN, N
尽管有关社会科学在政策制定中的应用的经验数据数量有限，但文献中充斥着社会科学家的猜测，即为什么他们产生的信息对政策问题影响不大。无论是明示还是暗示，在这一文献中发现的最流行的理论可以被描述为两个社区理论。持这种观点的作者试图从研究者和研究系统与政策制定者和政策制定系统的关系来解释不利用。他们认为，社会科学家和政策制定者生活在不同的世界里，有着不同的、往往相互冲突的价值观、不同的奖励制度和不同的语言。社会科学家关心纯科学和深奥的问题。相比之下，政府决策者是注重行动的务实人士，关心明显和紧迫的问题。有些人认为，知识生产者和政策制定者之间的差距需要通过包括信任、信心和同理心在内的个人关系来弥合。另一些人认为这种差距与文化差异无关。他们强调，谁来决定政策的目的是一个重要因素，使社会科学家和政策制定者分开。有些人认为，政治权力滥用知识的幽灵往往会扩大差距。还有一些人，特别是那些认为有必要建立联系机制的人，认为差距是一个共同点，
Even though the amount of empirical data on social science utilization in policy formulation is limited, the literature abounds with social scientists speculation about why the information they produce has little impact on policy matters. Either explicitly or implicitly, the most prevalent theory found in this literature may be characterized as the &dquo; Two-Communities&dquo; theory. Authors who hold this view attempt to explain nonutilization in terms of the relationship of the researcher and the research system to the policy maker and the policy-making system. They argue that social scientists and policy makers live in separate worlds with different and often conflicting values, different re-ward systems, and different languages. The social scientist is concerned with &dquo; pure&dquo; science and esoteric issues. By contrast, government policy makers are action-oriented, practical persons concerned with obvious and immediate issues. Some argue that the gap between the knowledge producer and the policy maker needs to be bridged through personal relationships involving trust, confidence, and empathy. Others see this gap as something apart from cultural differences. They stress conflict over who determines the ends of policy as an important factor that keeps the social scientists and policy makers apart. Some feel that the spectre of knowledge misuse by political power tends to widen the gap. Still others, particularly those who argue the need for &dquo; linking&dquo; mechanisms, see the gap as a com-