The structures underpinning vulnerability: examining landscape-society interactions in a smallholder coffee agroforestry system
The structures underpinning vulnerability: examining landscape-society interactions in a smallholder coffee agroforestry system
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支撑脆弱性的结构：检查小农咖啡农林复合系统中景观与社会的相互作用
DOI：
10.1088/1748-9326/ab2280
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
K. Norris
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Morel;M. Hirons;Sheleme Demissie;T. Gonfa;Z. Mehrabi;P. Long;S. Rifai;Tadesse Woldemariam Gole;J. Mason;C. McDermott;E. Boyd;E. Robinson;Y. Malhi;K. Norris
依赖雨水灌溉农业的小农户特别容易受到极端气候事件的影响，因此，有必要确定适应措施，以提高农民对这些冲击的抵御能力。在低投入系统中，如森林咖啡（咖啡），管理选择有限，有几个因素是农民无法控制的，使他们容易受到不断变化的气候条件的影响。这些因素可能与社会结构和地貌因素有关，它们相互作用，降低了农民的适应能力，造成了一种环境脆弱性状态。我们探讨了在2015/16年厄尔尼诺之前，期间和之后，埃塞俄比亚联合国教科文组织Yayu咖啡森林生物圈保护区周围的小农咖啡农场在海拔，斑块面积和阴影管理梯度之间的这种相互作用的潜在协同作用。我们记录了所有农场的咖啡产量急剧下降，导致2015年和2016年的咖啡收入分别为2014年收入的29.5% ± 18.0%和19.5% ± 10.0%。我们确定了农场海拔1500和1600米之间的树冠开放度在40%和45%之间，在我们的研究期间一直是低产。我们发现这些农民的收入多样化率最高，因此已经表现出适应能力。农民收入损失最大的空间集中在1600和1700米之间，位于较大的斑块面积较低的冠层开放。这一海拔高度的农民基础设施薄弱，对树荫管理的限制，并报告说更依赖咖啡收入，这表明生物和社会因素的相互作用加剧了他们的脆弱性。不幸的是，由于全国宣布进入紧急状态，我们无法调查农民采取的适应措施;因此，我们在评估他们的复原力方面受到限制。然而，我们确实表明了在评估小农脆弱性时考虑生物和社会介导的影响的重要性，特别是收入多样化的障碍。
Smallholder farmers dependent on rain-fed agriculture are particularly vulnerable to extreme climate events and, therefore, it is necessary to identify adaptive measures that would increase farmer resilience to these shocks. The management options in a low-input system, like forest coffee (Coffea arabica), are limited and there are several factors out of farmers’ control driving their vulnerability to changing climatic conditions. These can relate to social structures and landscape factors, which can interact to reduce farmers’ adaptive capacity, creating a state of contextual vulnerability. We explored the potential synergies of this interaction across elevation, patch area and shade management gradients for smallholder coffee farms around the UNESCO Yayu Coffee Forest Biosphere Reserve in Ethiopia before, during and immediately following the 2015/16 El Niño. We documented a dramatic collapse in coffee yields across all farms, resulting in coffee incomes 29.5% ± 18.0% and 19.5% ± 10.0% of 2014 incomes in 2015 and 2016, respectively. We identified farms at elevations between 1500 and 1600 m with canopy openness between 40% and 45% as being consistently low yielding over our study period. We found these farmers had the highest rates of income diversification and, therefore, were already exhibiting adaptive capacity. Farmers with the largest income losses were spatially concentrated between 1600 and 1700 m, located in larger patch areas with lower canopy openness. Farmers at this elevation have access to poor infrastructure, restrictions on shade management and reported higher dependence on income from coffee, indicating an interaction of biotic and social factors exacerbating their vulnerability. Unfortunately, due to a nationally declared state of emergency, we were unable to survey farmers on the adaptive measures they undertook; therefore, we are limited in assessing their resilience. However, we do show the importance of considering both biotically and socially-mediated influences for assessing smallholder vulnerability, particularly barriers to diversifying incomes.
影响因子：
4.3
作者：
R. Friedman;M. Hirons;E. Boyd
通讯作者：
R. Friedman;M. Hirons;E. Boyd