Commercial heating and cooling loads component analysis
Commercial heating and cooling loads component analysis
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商业热负荷和冷负荷成分分析
DOI：
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发表时间：
1999
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
E. Franconi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jeffrey R. Huang;E. Franconi
本研究使用计算机模拟120个商业建筑原型，以量化建筑组件（如屋顶、墙壁、窗户、渗透、外部空气、照明、设备和人员）对美国商业建筑总供热和制冷负荷的贡献，以及典型商业供热和制冷系统满足这些负荷的效率。原型建筑是基于以前的LBNL工作，并在广泛审查现有的商业建筑原型开发的17个以前的工程研究。开发了一种新的程序，以提取每小时的基础上，从DOE-2模拟的组件负载。结果以饼图的形式呈现，首先是国家层面，然后是建筑类型，地区和年份。热负荷的最大贡献者是窗户，墙壁和渗透，最大的贡献者是照明，太阳能增益和设备的冷却负荷。来自照明、设备、居住者和太阳能增益的“自由加热“取代了商业建筑中一半的热负荷，但来自外部空气的“自由冷却“和通过建筑外壳的热损失的影响要小得多。系统和工厂因素的概念用于量化空气处理系统在满足建筑负荷方面的净效率，以及中央工厂在提供加热和冷却所需的能量方面的净效率。由于风扇的热增益，加热的系统系数可以从具有恒定体积系统和100%外部空气的医院中的0.12变化到小型办公室中的略高于1.00。冷却的系统系数可以从具有再热系统的旧大型办公室的小于0.50到小型建筑物的超过1.00变化，这是由于经济器循环的自由冷却。锅炉的设备系数通常为0.60-0.70，冷却器为3.50-4.80。当风扇和泵的寄生能量使用以及电力的源到站点乘数3都被考虑在内时，用于加热的净工厂系数下降到0.29-0.57，用于冷却的净工厂系数下降到0.56-0.89。综合考虑系统和设备因素后，商业建筑中空间空调系统的总源效率为0.33（供暖）和0.57（制冷）。
This study uses computer simulations of 120 commercial building prototypes to quantify the contributions of building components such as roofs, walls, windows, infiltration, outside air, lighting, equipment, and people to the aggregate heating and cooling loads in U.S. commercial buildings, and the efficiencies of typical commercial heating and cooling systems in meeting these loads. The prototypical buildings are based on previous LBNL work, and were refined following an extensive review of existing commercial building prototypes developed in 17 previous engineering studies. A novel procedure was developed to extract the component loads on a hourly basis from DOE-2 simulations. The results are presented as split pie charts, first at the national level, and then by building type, region, and vintage. The largest contributors to heating loads are found to be windows, walls, and infiltration, and the largest contributors to cooling loads to be lighting, solar gain, and equipment. " Free heating " from lights, equipment, occupants, and solar gain displace half of the heating load in commercial buildings, but " free cooling " from outside air and heat loss through the building shell has a much smaller effect. The concept of System and Plant Factors is used to quantify the net efficiencies of air-handling systems in meeting building loads, and of central plants in providing the energy needed for heating and cooling. System Factors in heating can vary from 0.12 in hospitals with constant-volume systems and 100% outside air to slightly over 1.00 in small offices due to heat gain from fans. System Factors for cooling can vary from less than 0.50 in old large offices with reheat systems to over 1.00 for small buildings due to the free cooling of economizer cycles. Plant Factors are typically 0.60-0.70 for boilers, and 3.50-4.80 for chillers. When the parasitic energy use of fans and pumps, and a source-to-site multiplier of 3 for electricity are both taken into account, the Net Plant Factors drop to 0.29-0.57 for heating, and 0.56-0.89 for cooling. The overall source efficiency of the space conditioning system in commercial buildings taking into account both System and Plant Factors is 0.33 for heating and 0.57 for cooling.