Genetic diversity, phylogeny and evolution of alkaloid sequestering in Cuban miniaturized frogs of the Eleutherodactylus limbatus group.
Genetic diversity, phylogeny and evolution of alkaloid sequestering in Cuban miniaturized frogs of the Eleutherodactylus limbatus group.
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古巴小型青蛙 Eleutherodactyluslimbatus 群生物碱隔离的遗传多样性、系统发育和进化
DOI：
10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.031
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
M. Vences
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rodríguez;D. Poth;S. Schulz;M. Gehara ;M. Vences
最近，古巴特有的Eleutherodactylus limbatus组的小型青蛙被证明在它们的皮肤中含有生物碱，这代表了无尾动物中生物碱隔离的第五个独立进化起源。基于对所有已知物种的全面采样，我们在这里使用线粒体细胞色素b和核Rag-1基因的DNA序列评估其范围广泛的系统地理。我们发现，etheridgei、古巴e和东方e在遗传上高度不同，细胞色素b基因的未校正配对距离为> - 12%，16S rRNA基因的未校正配对距离为> - 5%，而rag1基因的单倍型没有共享。相反，来自Gran Piedra山脉的伊比尼亚种、黄梅种、limbatus种和一个未命名的谱系彼此之间的线粒体差异较低（细胞色素b <6%, 16S <3%），并且具有广泛的rag1单倍型共享，这表明它们的物种地位需要仔细修正。该群体的所有物种和谱系都出现在古巴东部的山区，只有其中一种，E. limbatus，在古巴中部和西部殖民。后一个谱系的种群只有微弱的遗传分化，其范围扩展到古巴西部可能是更新世，这表明小型化的青蛙物种能够在短时间内扩展相当大的范围（超过数百公里）。基于约5kb的线粒体和核基因的系统发育，最大限度地支持了E. etheridgei几乎位于该组中，其次是E. cubanus， E. orientalis和E. iberia-jaumei-limbatus分支。皮肤生物碱的筛选结果显示，该类群的所有谱系中都存在生物碱，但已知被其他无脊椎动物隔离的生物碱未在basalmost E. etheridgei中发现。此外，伊比利亚-黄梅-边缘分支的衍生谱系个体的不同生物碱化合物（3-18）比其他三个物种（0-4）的多样性要大得多。在其他物种中发现的生物碱仅与E. limbatus类群有远缘关系，即E. caspari， E. goini， E. ricordii和E. tetajulia。根据这些发现，我们可以假设，将饮食生物碱吸收到皮肤中的能力首先在一个祖先，生活在垃圾中和小型的古巴伊蜥中进化，然后在早期代表的E. limbatus群体中进化为小型化和昼行性，最终通过可能具有警告功能和高效生物碱吸收机制的颜色亮度增加。
The miniaturized frogs of the Eleutherodactylus limbatus group, endemic to Cuba, have recently been shown to contain alkaloids in their skin, representing the fifth independent evolutionary origin of alkaloid sequestering in anurans. Based on a comprehensive sampling of all known species of the group we here assess their range-wide phylogeography using DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b and the nuclear Rag-1 gene. We found E. etheridgei, E. cubanus, and E. orientalis to be genetically highly distinct, with uncorrected pair-wise distances >12% in the cytochrome b gene and >5% in the 16S rRNA gene, and without haplotype sharing in the Rag-1 gene. On the contrary, E. iberia, E. jaumei, E. limbatus, and one unnamed lineage from Gran Piedra mountains had lower mitochondrial divergences to each other (<6% in cytochrome b; <3% in 16S) and extensive Rag-1 haplotype sharing, suggesting that their species status requires careful revision. All species and lineages of the group occur in the mountain areas of eastern Cuba and only one of them, E. limbatus, colonized central and western Cuba. Populations of this latter lineage are only weakly genetically differentiated, and its range expansion to western Cuba is probably Pleistocenic, demonstrating that also miniaturized frog species are able of considerable range expansions (over hundreds of kilometers) in short time spans. A phylogeny based on about 5kb of mitochondrial and nuclear genes places, with maximum support, E. etheridgei basalmost in the group, followed by E. cubanus, E. orientalis, and the E. iberia–jaumei–limbatus clade. The screening of skin alkaloids revealed the presence of alkaloids in all lineages of the group, but alkaloids known to be sequestered by other anurans were not found in the basalmost E. etheridgei. Furthermore, individuals of the derived lineages of the E. iberia–jaumei–limbatus clade had a much larger variety of different alkaloid compounds (3–18) than the other three species (0–4). Traces of alkaloids were found in other species only remotely related to the E. limbatus group, i.e., E. caspari, E. goini, E. ricordii, and E. tetajulia. According to these findings, it can be hypothesized that the capacity to sequester dietary alkaloids into the skin evolved first in an ancestral, litter-dwelling and small-sized Cuban Eleutherodactylus, followed by evolution of miniaturization and diurnality in the early representatives of the E. limbatus group, and eventually by increased brightness of color with probable aposematic function and a highly efficient mechanism of alkaloid sequestering.
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