Tests for sex-biased dispersal using bi-parentally inherited genetic markers
Tests for sex-biased dispersal using bi-parentally inherited genetic markers
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DOI：
10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01496.x
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发表时间：
2002-06-01
影响因子：
4.9
通讯作者：
Waser, P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Goudet, J;Perrin, N;Waser, P
了解为什么在许多分类群中扩散是性别偏见的，仍然是进化生态学中的一个主要问题。在哺乳动物中，扩散倾向于偏向男性，在鸟类中倾向于偏向雌性，但存在反例，对其他类群的性别偏见知之甚少。在野外获得准确的扩散措施仍然是一个问题。在这里，我们描述和比较了几种使用双亲遗传、共显性遗传标记来检测性别偏见扩散的方法。如果基因在种群之间的流动受到限制，那么个体的基因型别就说明了它的起源。如果扩散发生在幼年阶段，并且抽样是在成人身上进行的，那么从分散的性别中抽样的基因类型在被抽样的人群中平均应该不太可能(与来自两性的基因相比)。分散的性别应该不那么遗传结构，并且应该呈现更大的杂合子缺陷。在这项研究中，我们使用计算机模拟和对四个统计量的排列测试来调查在什么条件下可以检测到性别偏见的扩散。有两个测试显得相当有效。我们给出了在不同性别的不同分散量下的最优抽样策略(不同的样本数量、个体、每个个体的基因座和多态水平)的结果。这些扩散偏差测试也适用于怀疑影响扩散概率的任何属性(例如，大小、颜色、状态)。执行这些测试的Windows程序可以从http://www.unil.ch/izea/softwares/fstat.html.免费下载
Understanding why dispersal is sex-biased in many taxa is still a major concern in evolutionary ecology. Dispersal tends to be male-biased in mammals and female-biased in birds, but counter-examples exist and little is known about sex bias in other taxa. Obtaining accurate measures of dispersal in the field remains a problem. Here we describe and compare several methods for detecting sex-biased dispersal using bi-parentally inherited, codominant genetic markers. If gene flow is restricted among populations, then the genotype of an individual tells something about its origin. Provided that dispersal occurs at the juvenile stage and that sampling is carried out on adults, genotypes sampled from the dispersing sex should on average be less likely (compared to genotypes from the philopatric sex) in the population in which they were sampled. The dispersing sex should be less genetically structured and should present a larger heterozygote deficit. In this study we use computer simulations and a permutation test on four statistics to investigate the conditions under which sex-biased dispersal can be detected. Two tests emerge as fairly powerful. We present results concerning the optimal sampling strategy (varying number of samples, individuals, loci per individual and level of polymorphism) under different amounts of dispersal for each sex. These tests for biases in dispersal are also appropriate for any attribute (e.g. size, colour, status) suspected to influence the probability of dispersal. A windows program carrying out these tests can be freely downloaded from http://www.unil.ch/izea/softwares/fstat.html.