Gender and sexuality: emerging perspectives from the heterosexual epidemic in South Africa and implications for HIV risk and prevention
Gender and sexuality: emerging perspectives from the heterosexual epidemic in South Africa and implications for HIV risk and prevention
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DOI：
10.1186/1758-2652-13-6
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发表时间：
2010-02-09
影响因子：
6
通讯作者：
Morrell, Robert
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jewkes, Rachel;Morrell, Robert
研究表明，两性关系中的权力不平等和亲密伴侣的暴力行为使妇女更容易感染艾滋病毒。对伴侣施暴的男子更有可能感染艾滋病毒。男子的行为显示出一系列暴力和危险的性行为，这表明了重要的联系。本文借鉴了Raewyn Connell的霸权男性气质的概念和对强调女性气质的反思，认为这些性行为和男性暴力行为植根于性别身份的文化理想，并源于这种文化理想。后者使我们能够理解为什么男人和女人的行为，以及性行为发生的情感和物质背景。在南非，虽然性别认同表现出多样性，但非洲黑人男子气概的主导理想强调坚韧、力量和表现出巨大的性成功。这是妇女渴望的男子气概;但这在性方面是危险的，也是男子接受艾滋病毒治疗的障碍。男性至上的男子被认为是对妇女的控制，而暴力可能被用来建立这种控制。女性气质的主导理念不是抵制这一点，而是接受对暴力和伤害行为的顺从和容忍，包括不忠。男性霸权主义男性的女性伴侣有感染艾滋病毒的风险，因为她们在特别危险的遭遇中缺乏对性环境的控制。她们常常将对伴侣行为的默认视为为了获得社会或物质回报而做出的权衡，因为这种女性气质的理想不是通过暴力本身，而是通过制裁和奖励的文化体系来维护的。因此，接受这些性别身份的男子和妇女所遵循的理想深深植根于社会和文化进程，因此，他们是个人可能难以批评和进行选择的行为模式。妇女谁是物质和情感上的脆弱是最不能够经历制裁或前述这些奖励的风险，从而最容易受到他们的男人folk.We认为，艾滋病毒预防和优化护理的目标可以最好地实现通过改变性别认同，而不是通过对个人的性行为的重点。
Research shows that gender power inequity in relationships and intimate partner violence places women at enhanced risk of HIV infection. Men who have been violent towards their partners are more likely to have HIV. Men's behaviours show a clustering of violent and risky sexual practices, suggesting important connections. This paper draws on Raewyn Connell's notion of hegemonic masculinity and reflections on emphasized femininities to argue that these sexual, and male violent, practices are rooted in and flow from cultural ideals of gender identities. The latter enables us to understand why men and women behave as they do, and the emotional and material context within which sexual behaviours are enacted.In South Africa, while gender identities show diversity, the dominant ideal of black African manhood emphasizes toughness, strength and expression of prodigious sexual success. It is a masculinity women desire; yet it is sexually risky and a barrier to men engaging with HIV treatment. Hegemonically masculine men are expected to be in control of women, and violence may be used to establish this control. Instead of resisting this, the dominant ideal of femininity embraces compliance and tolerance of violent and hurtful behaviour, including infidelity. The women partners of hegemonically masculine men are at risk of HIV because they lack control of the circumstances of sex during particularly risky encounters. They often present their acquiescence to their partners' behaviour as a trade off made to secure social or material rewards, for this ideal of femininity is upheld, not by violence per se, by a cultural system of sanctions and rewards. Thus, men and women who adopt these gender identities are following ideals with deep roots in social and cultural processes, and thus, they are models of behaviour that may be hard for individuals to critique and in which to exercise choice. Women who are materially and emotionally vulnerable are least able to risk experiencing sanctions or foregoing these rewards and thus are most vulnerable to their men folk.We argue that the goals of HIV prevention and optimizing of care can best be achieved through change in gender identities, rather than through a focus on individual sexual behaviours.