Sex offender punishment and the persistence of penal harm in the U.S.
Sex offender punishment and the persistence of penal harm in the U.S.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.04.004
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发表时间：
2011-05-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Leon, Chrysanthi S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Leon, Chrysanthi S.
在过去几十年里，美国大幅修改了其惩罚方法。特别是，被判犯有性犯罪的人通过广泛的定罪后干预，经历了社会控制的显著扩张。虽然这种扩大在很大程度上可以用一般的惩罚趋势来解释，但似乎有一些独特的因素阻止了其他刑法改革对性犯罪者的惩罚进行类似的调整。在某种程度上，这种继续对性犯罪者采取“刑事伤害”的做法与过去低估性受害有关。在“糟糕的旧时代”，法律及其代理人发出了关于性暴力和性犯罪的混合信息。有些性犯罪仅仅是滋扰，有些是可以治疗的，还有一小部分“应该”受到与其他严重刑事犯罪相当的惩罚。相比之下，今天的性犯罪者惩罚计划很少正式区分伤害或伤害的等级。在研究监禁的趋势，本文探讨了当前的大刷方法的历史背景，并审查了意想不到的后果。总之，这篇文章强调需要回到性犯罪者之间的区别，但区别基于科学和经验为基础的，指导专家在执法，矫正和治疗的自由裁量权。(C)2011爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有。
The U.S. has dramatically revised its approach to punishment in the last several decades. In particular, people convicted of sex crimes have experienced a remarkable expansion in social control through a wide-range of post-conviction interventions. While this expansion may be largely explained by general punishment trends, there appear to be unique factors that have prevented other penal reforms from similarly modulating sex offender punishment. In part, this continuation of a "penal harm" approach to sex offenders relates to the past under-valuing of sexual victimization. In the "bad old days," the law and its agents sent mixed messages about sexual violence and sexual offending. Some sexual offending was mere nuisance, some was treatable, and a fraction "deserved" punishment equivalent to other serious criminal offending. In contrast, today's sex offender punishment schemes rarely distinguish formally among gradations of harm or dangerousness. After examining incarceration trends, this article explores the historical context of the current broad brush approach and reviews the unintended consequences. Altogether, this article reinforces the need to return to differentiation among sex offenders, but differentiation based on science and on the experience-based, guided discretion of experts in law enforcement, corrections, and treatment. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.