In vivo 35Cl MR imaging in humans: a feasibility study.
In vivo 35Cl MR imaging in humans: a feasibility study.
复制标题
人体体内 35Cl MR 成像：可行性研究。
DOI：
10.1148/radiol.13131725
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
19.7
通讯作者：
W. Semmler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Nagel;F. Lehmann;M. Weber;K. Jurkat;M. Wolf;A. Radbruch;R. Umathum;W. Semmler
目的
在7 T全身MR系统上实现氯35（（35）Cl）磁共振（MR），并评估其用于人体成像的可行性。
材料和方法
所有检查均在伦理审查委员会批准下进行;从所有志愿者处获得书面知情同意书。对健康志愿者的脑和肌肉各进行了7次检查，对患者进行了4次检查。2例经组织学证实的多形性胶质母细胞瘤患者接受了脑成像。进行了（35）Cl MR和（35）Cl反转恢复（IR）MR。2例经遗传学确诊的低钾型周期性麻痹患者接受了小腿肌肉成像。应用7个多回波序列（采集时间，5分钟;体素尺寸，11 mm（3））来确定受磁场不均匀性（T2*）和氯浓度影响的横向弛豫时间。使用7 T全身MR系统进行35 Cl和23（23）Na钠MR。（35）利用三维密度适应投影重建技术测定健康人脑和肌肉的Cl纵向弛豫时间（T1）和T2*，以实现短回波时间和高信噪比（SNR）效率。使用非线性最小二乘程序和单指数（T1）和双指数（T2*）模型进行曲线拟合。
结果
体模成像显示，（35）Cl的SNR比（23）Na低15倍，弛豫时间短得多。体内T2* 呈双指数且极短。T1的单指数拟合显示大脑和肌肉分别为9.2和4.0毫秒± 0.7（标准差）。在胶质母细胞瘤组织中，检测到Cl（-）浓度增加和Cl（-）IR信号强度增加。体素尺寸和采集时间分别为6 mm（3）和9分45秒（（35）Cl MR）以及10 mm（3）和10分钟（35）Cl IR MR）。与健康志愿者相比，低钾型周期性麻痹患者的Cl（-）和Na（+）浓度升高。可以确定肌肉的Cl（-）浓度（体素大小，11 mm（3）;总采集时间，35分钟）。
结论
在临床可行的采集时间（10-35分钟）和体素体积（0.2-1.3 cm（3））内，7 T MR能够对人脑和肌肉中的（35）Cl进行体内成像。由于癌症或肌肉离子通道疾病导致的Cl（-）稳态的病理生理变化可以可视化。
PURPOSE
To implement chlorine 35 ((35)Cl) magnetic resonance (MR) at a 7-T whole-body MR system and evaluate its feasibility for imaging humans.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All examinations were performed with ethical review board approval; written informed consent was obtained from all volunteers. Seven examinations each of brain and muscle in healthy volunteers and four examinations of patients were performed. Two patients with histologically confirmed glioblastoma multiforme underwent brain imaging. (35)Cl MR and (35)Cl inversion-recovery (IR) MR were performed. Two patients with genetically confirmed hypokalemic periodic paralysis underwent calf muscle imaging. Seven multiecho sequences (acquisition time, 5 minutes; voxel dimension, 11 mm(3)) were applied to determine transverse relaxation time as affected by magnetic field heterogeneity (T2*) and chlorine concentration. (35)Cl and sodium 23 ((23)Na) MR were conducted with a 7-T whole-body MR system. (35)Cl longitudinal relaxation time (T1) and T2* of healthy human brain and muscle were determined with a three-dimensional density-adapted-projection reconstruction technique to achieve short echo times and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) efficiency. A nonlinear least squares routine and mono- (T1) and biexponential (T2*) models were used for curve fitting.
RESULTS
Phantom imaging revealed 15-fold lower SNR and much shorter relaxation times for (35)Cl than (23)Na. In vivo T2* was biexponential and extremely short. Monoexponential fits of T1 revealed 9.2 and 4.0 milliseconds ± 0.7 (standard deviation) for brain and muscle, respectively. In glioblastoma tissue, increased Cl(-) concentrations and increased Cl(-) IR signal intensities were detected. Voxel dimension and acquisition time, respectively, were 6 mm(3) and 9 minutes 45 seconds ((35)Cl MR) and 10 mm(3) and 10 minutes ((35)Cl IR MR). In patients with hypokalemic periodic paralysis versus healthy volunteers, Cl(-) and Na(+) concentrations were increased. Cl(-) concentration of muscle could be determined (voxel size, 11 mm(3); total acquisition time, 35 minutes).
CONCLUSION
MR at 7 T enables in vivo imaging of (35)Cl in human brain and muscle in clinically feasible acquisition times (10-35 minutes) and voxel volumes (0.2-1.3 cm(3)). Pathophysiological changes of Cl(-) homeostasis due to cancer or muscular ion channel disease can be visualized.
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