Sensing and surviving hypoxia in vertebrates
Sensing and surviving hypoxia in vertebrates
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DOI：
10.1111/nyas.12780
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发表时间：
2016-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Zaccone, Giacomo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jonz, Michael G.;Buck, Leslie T.;Zaccone, Giacomo
缺氧生存是脊椎动物面临的最严峻挑战之一。大多数物种已经适应了环境中氧气水平的变化，并具有专门的缺氧器官，只有少数物种能够在长时间的缺氧中生存下来。本文就非哺乳类脊椎动物的氧感受、缺氧适应和耐缺氧机制等方面的最新研究进展作一综述。我们讨论了鱼类的呼吸结构，包括皮肤，鳃和呼吸空气的器官，以及最近的证据表明，这些组织中的化学感觉神经上皮细胞（NECs），启动缺氧的反射反应。使用斑马鱼作为遗传和发育模型，允许观察呼吸和化学感觉系统的个体发育，证明一个假定的细胞内O-2传感器的化学感受器，可能会启动缺氧信号的转导，并调查极端缺氧对心肺发育的影响。其他生物，如金鱼和淡水龟，显示出高度的缺氧耐受性，这些模型揭示了细胞水平上的重要适应，如调节多巴胺能和GABA能神经传递以防御中枢神经元的稳态。
Surviving hypoxia is one of the most critical challenges faced by vertebrates. Most species have adapted to changing levels of oxygen in their environment with specialized organs that sense hypoxia, while only few have been uniquely adapted to survive prolonged periods of anoxia. The goal of this review is to present the most recent research on oxygen sensing, adaptation to hypoxia, and mechanisms of anoxia tolerance in nonmammalian vertebrates. We discuss the respiratory structures in fish, including the skin, gills, and air-breathing organs, and recent evidence for chemosensory neuroepithelial cells (NECs) in these tissues that initiate reflex responses to hypoxia. The use of the zebrafish as a genetic and developmental model has allowed observation of the ontogenesis of respiratory and chemosensory systems, demonstration of a putative intracellular O-2 sensor in chemoreceptors that may initiate transduction of the hypoxia signal, and investigation into the effects of extreme hypoxia on cardiorespiratory development. Other organisms, such as goldfish and freshwater turtles, display a high degree of anoxia tolerance, and these models are revealing important adaptations at the cellular level, such as the regulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission in defense of homeostasis in central neurons.