Ground water pollution and the bored hole latrine
Ground water pollution and the bored hole latrine
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DOI：
10.1093/infdis/61.2.148
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发表时间：
1937-01-01
影响因子：
6.4
通讯作者：
Parr, LW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Caldwell, EL;Parr, LW
确定了污染物流动的规律和范围。直径15英寸的厕所里进入地下水，通过松散的土壤到达控制流动的地层。他们的使用接近正常的家庭使用。从这种化粪池流出的污水与地下水一起以不同的速度通过穿透的地层流向排水通道，形成污染流。由于地下水流量的变化，溪流在水源周围来回移动。它由于振荡过程中产物的分散和滞后而变宽，然后由于稀释和氧化而收敛到零。它的特征强度从源到终点线性递减，宽度从通道中部到边缘变化。在不同深度的特点是复杂的速度和位置的地层厕所条件。由于限制水流的力量（防御），前进受到限制，水流后退。在河流前进的早期，典型的大肠杆菌占优势，但很快伴随着魏氏梭菌或在魏氏梭菌之前。在老化的溪流中，其他和非典型的结肠微生物伴随或占优势于典型的B。杆菌化学流比细菌流更长更宽，厌氧流比结肠流更大。随着沃茨的上升，一个新的水流可能会出现在一条逐渐减少的河流的上方并穿过该河流。阐述了污染的意义。由厕所条件和地下水流速决定。从一个典型的厕所（5英尺的污水），B。大肠杆菌最初被携带15-20英尺。以地下水流量（每天5和8[图片]）通过2个较低的地层，并在2个月后。有些人达到25英尺。还有几个35英尺为期10天通过上层（率3[图片]）一些B。大肠杆菌携带10英尺，但不是15英尺。3个月内。7个月后检查结肠推进情况。当化学物质流减少时，他们已经退到了厕所。在新的流B中。大肠杆菌仅达到10英尺。回归之前。化学物质流可以追溯到85英尺，但不是100英尺。其最大宽度为5[image]，位于25[image]和B。在15[image]时，大肠杆菌范围为3[image]，在任何小于2[image]的阶段都有显著的回收率。最大的位移超过了3[图片]。
The principles and extent of pollution flow were detd. from latrines 15 inches in diam. reaching into ground water through unconsolidated soils to the stratum controlling flow. Their use approximated normal family use. From such septic chambers the effluent travels with the ground water toward the drainage channel at different rates through the strata penetrated, forming a pollution stream. As the ground water flow varies, the stream shifts back and forth about the source. It widens due to dispersion and lag of products during oscillation and then converges to zero due to dilution and oxidation. It varies in diminishing intensity of characteristics lineally from source to end point and in width from midchannel to margins. Characteristics at varying depths were complexly related to velocity and position of strata in relation to latrine conditions. Due to forces (defense) which restrict flow the advance is limited and the stream regresses. Early in advancing streams typical Bacillus coli predominate but are shortly accompanied or preceded by Clostridium welchii. In aging streams other and atypical colon organisms accompany or predominate over typical B. coli. The chemical stream is longer and wider than the bacterial, and the anaerobic greater than the colon. With rising waters a new flow may occur above and through a diminishing stream. The significance of pollution is detd. by latrine conditions and rate of ground water flow. From a typical latrine (5-foot effluent), B. coli initially were carried 15-20 ft. through the 2 lower strata at the rate of ground water flow (5 and 8[image] per day), and after 2 mos. some reached 25 ft. and a few 35 ft. for a 10-day period. Through the upper stratum (rate 3[image]) some B. coli were carried 10 but not 15 ft. In 3 mos. the colon advance was checked and in 7 mos. had retreated to the latrine, when the chemical stream was diminishing. In a new flow B. coli reached only 10 ft. before regression. The chemical stream could be traced 85 but not 100 ft. Its maximum width was 5[image] at 25[image] and the B. coli extent was 3[image] at 15[image], with significant recovery at any phase less than 2[image]. The maximum shift was over an expanse of 3[image].