Send Orders of Reprints at Reprints@benthamscience.net the Changing Landscape of Voltage-gated Calcium Channels in Neuro- Vascular Disorders and in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Send Orders of Reprints at Reprints@benthamscience.net the Changing Landscape of Voltage-gated Calcium Channels in Neuro- Vascular Disorders and in Neurodegenerative Diseases
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发送重印订单至 Reprints@benthamscience.net 电压门控钙通道在神经血管疾病和神经退行性疾病中的变化格局

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M. Cataldi
M. Cataldi
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M. Cataldi

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人们普遍认为,电压门控钙通道(VGCC)不能携带有毒的钙离子进入神经元。此外,它们中的一些作为L类型的通道对生存基因程序的钙依赖调节是必不可少的。然而,大量的数据表明,作用于VGCC的药物在几种神经退行性和神经血管疾病中具有有益的效果。在本综述中,我们探讨了“无害的”VGCC可能对神经元“有毒”的几种机制。这些机制可以解释,尽管VGCC通常是神经元生存所必需的,但它可能参与神经退行性变。我们将提出证据表明,在以下情况下,VGCC可以携带有毒的钙离子:a)由于衰老、慢性缺氧或暴露于淀粉样多肽导致其密度或活性增加,或b)钙依赖的动作电位在起搏神经元中携带高钙负荷。此外,我们还将研究VGCC在不携带过量钙离子的情况下促进神经细胞死亡的条件。例如,当它们携带金属离子进入神经细胞质,或者当它们活性的病理性降低削弱了钙依赖的生存基因程序时,就会发生这种情况。最后,我们将探索VGCC在控制参与神经变性的非神经细胞中的作用,如神经血管单位或小胶质细胞。
It is a common belief that voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) cannot carry toxic amounts of Ca 2+ in neurons. Also, some of them as L-type channels are essential for Ca 2+-dependent regulation of prosurvival gene-programs. However, a wealth of data show a beneficial effect of drugs acting on VGCCs in several neurodegenerative and neurovascular diseases. In the present review, we explore several mechanisms by which the " harmless " VGCCs may become " toxic " for neurons. These mechanisms could explain how, though usually required for neuronal survival, VGCCs may take part in neurodegeneration. We will present evidence showing that VGCCs can carry toxic Ca 2+ when: a) their density or activity increases because of aging, chronic hypoxia or exposure to-amyloid peptides or b) Ca 2+-dependent action potentials carry high Ca 2+ loads in pacemaker neurons. Besides, we will examine conditions in which VGCCs promote neuronal cell death without carrying excess Ca 2+. This can happen, for instance, when they carry metal ions into the neuronal cytoplasm or when a pathological decrease in their activity weakens Ca 2+-dependent prosurvival gene programs. Finally, we will explore the role of VGCCs in the control of nonneuronal cells that take part to neurodegeneration like those of the neurovascular unit or of microglia.
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