Phylogeny, biogeography, and evolution of two Mediterranean snakes, Malpolon monspessulanus and Hemorrhois hippocrepis (Squamata, Colubridae), using mtDNA sequences
Phylogeny, biogeography, and evolution of two Mediterranean snakes, Malpolon monspessulanus and Hemorrhois hippocrepis (Squamata, Colubridae), using mtDNA sequences
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.028
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发表时间：
2006-08-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Pleguezuelos, J. M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Carranza, S.;Arnold, E. N.;Pleguezuelos, J. M.
26个Malpolon monspessulanus个体线粒体DNA（细胞色素b 300 bp和12S rRNA 395-515 bp）和21个Malpolon monspessulanus个体细胞色素b基因片段的815 bp变异表明该物种起源于非洲西北部马格里布地区。在这里，估计在3.5-6亿年前，它分为西部的M. M. monspessulanus和东部的M. M. insignitus和M. M. fuscus。马格里布和西南欧洲种群之间非常有限的遗传差异表明，它是最近才到达伊比利亚半岛的。种群遗传学和人口统计学测试表明，大约在8.3万至16.8万年前，这一地区随后出现了扩张。因为现在的Malpolon人是最近才到达的，所以欧洲西南部的上新世中期和至少一些更新世的Malpolon属化石可能来自于马格里布人的早期入侵，可能早在中新世末期，5.3-5.9亿年前，当时有一座临时的陆桥横跨直布罗陀海峡和干涸的地中海。这种早期入侵的后代一定最终灭绝了，也许是在更新世冰期的某个时期。与西部的M. M. monspessulanus相比，在M. M. monspessulanus的东部分支中发现的更大的遗传差异表明，M. monspessulanus在更早的日期和更长的时间内分散开来，向东传播，穿过利比亚北部和埃及，到达叙利亚、伊拉克和伊朗，穿过地中海，穿过土耳其，进入爱琴海群岛和巴尔干半岛。monspessulanus西部和东部单位具有不同的背部颜色图案，颅骨结构的差异，并在本研究的组合基因片段中表现出8.4%的未校正遗传差异。因此，建议将它们作为单独的种来处理：M. monspessulanus （sensu stricto）和Malpolon insignitus stat.nov .，后者包括Malpolon insignitus fuscus comb亚种。研究人员在20例马甲痔疮患者和另外17例细胞色素b患者中研究了用于Malpolon的相同的线粒体基因组合片段。它们表明，这一物种也起源于马格里布，并在最近再次入侵伊比利亚半岛。一些最近入侵伊比利亚半岛的爬行动物和两栖动物很可能是人为的。其他一些物种，包括M. monspessulanus和H. hippocrepis，可能是通过在与更新世冰川相关的海平面下降期间暴露的最浅部分的临时岛屿上“跳跃”穿过直布罗陀海峡而自然杂交的。(c) 2006爱思唯尔公司版权所有。
Variation in 815 bp of mitochondrial DNA from two gene fragments (300 bp of cytochrome b and 395-515 bp of 12S rRNA) for 26 Malpolon monspessulanus, and cytochrome b for a further 21 individuals, indicates that this species originated in the Maghreb area of Northwest Africa. Here, an estimated 3.5-6 Mya, it divided into the western M. m. monspessulanus, and an eastern clade including M. m. insignitus and M. m. fuscus. The very limited genetic differentiation between Maghreb and Southwest European populations of this form suggests that it arrived in the Iberian Peninsula only recently. Population genetics and demographic tests indicate subsequent expansion in this area around 83,000-168,000 year ago. Because present populations of Malpolon arrived recently, mid-Pliocene and at least some Pleistocene fossils of the genus Malpolon in Southwest Europe are probably derived from an earlier invasion from the Maghreb, possibly as early as the end of the Miocene period, 5.3-5.9 Mya, when there was a temporary land bridge across the site of the Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean Sea desiccated. The descendants of this earlier invasion must have eventually become extinct, perhaps during one of the Pleistocene glaciations. In contrast to the western M. m. monspessulanus, the greater genetic divergence found in the eastern clade of M. monspessulanus suggests that it dispersed at an earlier date and probably over a longer period, spreading eastwards through northern Libya and Egypt to Syria, Iraq, and Iran, and around the Mediterranean Sea through Turkey into the Aegean archipelagos and the Balkan peninsula. The western and eastern units of M. monspessulanus have different dorsal color pattern, differences in skull structure and exhibit an 8.4% uncorrected genetic divergence in the combined gene fragments investigated here. It is consequently recommended that they should be treated as separate species: M. monspessulanus (sensu stricto) and Malpolon insignitus stat. nov., the latter including the subspecies Malpolon insignitus fuscus comb. nov. The same combined mitochondrial gene fragments used in Malpolon were investigated in 20 individuals of Hemorrhois hippocrepis, and of cytochrome b alone in a further 17. They indicate that this species also originated in the Maghreb and again invaded the Iberian Peninsula quite recently. Some of the most recent invasions of the Iberian Peninsula by reptiles and amphibian taxa could probably be anthropogenic in origin. Some other species including M. monspessulanus and H. hippocrepis, may have crossed naturally, by 'hopping' across the Strait of Gibraltar via temporary islands on the shallowest parts that were exposed during sea-level fall associated with Pleistocene glaciations. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.