Bioprospecting in Antarctica: the search for a policy regime
Bioprospecting in Antarctica: the search for a policy regime
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南极洲生物勘探：寻找政策制度
DOI：
10.1017/s0032247406005158
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
0.8
通讯作者：
B. P. Herber
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
B. P. Herber
本文件旨在阐明涉及南极生物勘探（生物勘探）的一个极其复杂的政策问题的重要经济和政治方面。这一迅速增长的全球工业在生物多样性的世界中寻找具有商业价值的生物和遗传资源，在处理这一问题时，南极洲与近几十年来《生物多样性公约》和《联合国海洋法公约》这两项条约提出的相互交织的生物勘探政策之间显然存在着一个重要的相互关系。本文件的分析框架建立在国际条约和法律政治框架内的公益物经济概念之上。国家公益物的概念与一个国家（民族）对其生物和遗传资源的主权有关，是《生物多样性条约》规定的此类政策的基础。在实践中，这种管辖权既适用于一国的陆地区域，也适用于沿海国的专属经济区。另一方面，《海洋法条约》为专属经济区提供了国家公益的内涵，同时为深海海底矿物资源创造了全球公益的内涵，并可能适用于深海海底的生物勘探。虽然南极条约体系有几个机构可以适应生物勘探政策制度，但迄今为止尚未建立这种制度。本文最后审议了一个关键问题：南极洲的生物勘探是国家公益还是全球公益？虽然逻辑似乎会导致一个对“全球”的答案，在当今世界的多国经济和政治现实表明，一个国家的公共利益的方法，或在很大程度上不受管制的开放获取的方法，更有可能占上风。
This paper aims to elucidate the important economic and political aspects of an extremely complex policy issue involving biological prospecting (bioprospecting) in Antarctica. In addressing this rapidly growing global industry, which searches for commercially valuable biological and genetic resources in a world of biological diversity, it becomes obvious that a critical interface exists between Antarctica and the intertwined bioprospecting policies brought forth during recent decades by two treaties, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The analytical framework of the paper builds upon the economic concept of public goods within a political framework of international treaties and law. The concept of a national public good, associated with the sovereignty of a state (nation) over its biological and genetic resources, is the basis of such policy under the Biological Diversity Treaty. In practice, this jurisdiction applies both to the land area of a state and to the exclusive economic zone of a coastal state. The Law of the Sea Treaty, on the other hand, provides both a national public good connotation to exclusive economic zones while creating a global public good connotation for deep seabed mineral resources, with a related potential application to bioprospecting in the deep seabed. While the Antarctic Treaty System possesses several institutions that could be adapted to a bioprospecting policy regime, no such regime has been established up to the present. The paper concludes with a consideration of the critical question: is bioprospecting in Antarctica a national or global public good? While logic would appear to lead one toward the ‘global’ answer, multinational economic and political realities in today's world suggest that either a national public good approach, or a largely unregulated open access approach, is more likely to prevail.