A 100-Year Review: Calf nutrition and management
A 100-Year Review: Calf nutrition and management
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DOI：
10.3168/jds.2017-13062
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发表时间：
2017-12-01
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Drackley, J. K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kertz, A. F.;Hill, T. M.;Drackley, J. K.
第一篇小牛论文发表在1919年5月的《乳品科学杂志》（JDS）上，描述了影响不同品种小牛出生体重的因素。对非牛奶成分进行了其他研究，制定了生长图表，并遵循早期断奶以保存喂养小牛的牛奶。小牛论文未报告使用统计学来控制或记录变异或确定治疗方法是否不同。许多实验更多的是观察性的，而不是比较性的。每次处理通常使用少于5头小牛，有时使用1或2头小牛。在接下来的20年里，小牛研究增加，包括初乳喂养，牛奶和牛奶添加剂喂养，矿物质和维生素，脂肪和油。在此期间，发展了许多对消化、瘤胃发育和牛奶发酵剂配方的现有知识和理解的基础概念。此外，在20世纪50年代首次评估和开发了在乳牛日粮中使用抗生素生长促进剂的概念。在1957年1月至1976年12月的20年期间，美国的许多大学和加拿大的1所大学就各种与小牛相关的主题发表了近150篇论文。这些主题包括遗传学，小牛的生理学，小牛免疫力的审查，抗生素喂养和牛奶添加剂成分。这成为了犊牛瘤胃发育研究的黄金时代，这也引发了对犊牛启动剂日粮和成分的研究。一项关于管理、饲养和圈养研究的经典综述总结了迄今为止与犊牛饲养和管理系统相关的研究，重点是保持犊牛生长和健康，同时降低劳动力和饲料成本。也正是在这一时期，公制测量取代了英制单位。从1977年到1996年的20年里，JDS发表了400多篇关于犊牛营养和管理的文章。随着对小牛的研究兴趣越来越大，首次发表了一篇概述进行和报告小牛实验数据的标准化程序的论文。从20世纪70年代末到20世纪80年代中期，小牛营养研究的一个非常活跃的领域是初乳质量、饲养和保存;在此期间，该杂志发表了60多篇此类研究文章。各种非牛奶蛋白质来源进行了评估。进行了广泛的研究，评价小牛沿着一些维生素研究的微量和主要矿物质需求。在整个20世纪70年代、80年代和90年代，大多数犊牛研究的主要目标是如何在早期（通常小于30日龄）断奶健康、充分生长的犊牛。该计划在1979年的一份出版物中进行了审查。在20世纪80年代和90年代，鉴于犊牛料摄入量对早期断奶成功的重要性，对犊牛料成分、营养成分和添加剂的研究很少，但确定了水摄入量在犊牛料摄入量和生长中的作用。在过去的20年里，关于小牛问题的研究继续增加，在JDS上发表了580多篇文章，在其他期刊上发表的文章也更多。除了美国和加拿大的几所大学提交的论文外，其他国家的大学和研究所的科学家撰写的论文数量在这一期间急剧增加。影响初乳抗体吸收的因素，初乳的热处理，以及初乳补充剂和发酵剂的功效。这一时期的大多数研究都与营养有关。发表的研究支持喂养更多的牛奶添加剂，但其粗蛋白含量高于传统的牛奶添加剂，从而提高新生儿的生长速度。蛋白质能量对生长和身体组成的影响与更大的生长率一起进行了评价。评价了沿着添加AA的奶牛的牛奶和非牛奶蛋白质来源。对脂肪来源和脂肪酸补充剂沿着微量矿物质和脂溶性维生素进行了有限的研究。废奶喂养和热处理变得更加普遍。研究确定了用颗粒状发酵剂饲喂时发酵剂成分的适口性和饲料的使用。随着自动牛奶和牛奶自动喂食器的出现，确定了影响如何以及何时断奶的因素。研究计划确定了影响小牛行为和福利的因素。沿着各种已发表的研究评价了几个数据库，并随后在这些小牛的第一次和后期泌乳产奶量中反映了前2个月期间确定的小牛生长。从1997年开始出现的一个新的小牛研究领域是母体环境和营养对小牛健康，生长和未来生产力的影响。从机械论的角度来看，表观遗传学领域似乎可以解释许多这些现象。阐述了未来犊牛营养和管理的一些可能性。
The first calf paper, published in the May 1919 issue of the Journal of Dairy Science (JDS), described factors affecting birth body weight of different breeds of calves. Other studies were done on nonmilk ingredients, growth charts were developed, and early weaning was followed to conserve milk fed to calves. Calf papers did not report use of statistics to control or record variation or to determine whether treatment means were different. Many experiments were more observational than comparative. Typically fewer than 5 calves, and sometimes 1 or 2 calves, were used per treatment. During the next 20 yr, calf studies increased and included colostrum feeding, milk and milk replacer feeding, minerals and vitamins, and fats and oils. Many concepts fundamental to current knowledge and understanding of digestion, rumen development, and milk replacer formulation were developed during this period. In addition, the concept of using antibiotic growth promoters in dairy calf diets was first evaluated and developed during the 1950s. During the 20-yr period of January 1957 through December 1976, a large number of universities in the United States and 1 in Canada contributed almost 150 papers on a variety of calf-related topics. These topics included genetics, physiology of the calf, review of calf immunity, antibiotic feeding, and milk replacer ingredients. This became the golden era of calf rumen development studies, which also engendered studies of calf starter rations and ingredients. A classic review of management, feeding, and housing studies summarized research related to calf feeding and management systems up to that point with an emphasis on maintaining calf growth and health while reducing labor and feed costs. It was also during this period that metric measurements replaced English units. In the 20-yr period from 1977 to 1996, more than 400 articles on calf nutrition and management were published in JDS. With the growing research interest in calves, a paper outlining standardized procedures for conducting and reporting data from calf experiments was first published. A very active area of calf nutrition research from the late 1970s to the mid 1980s was colostrum quality, feeding, and preservation; more than 60 such research articles were published in the journal during this time. Various nonmilk protein sources were evaluated. Extensive studies were done evaluating trace and major mineral requirements in calves along with some vitamin studies. Throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, the primary objective of most calf research was how to wean healthy, adequately grown calves at an early age-generally less than 30 d of age. This program was reviewed in a 1979 publication. Research on calf starter ingredients, nutrient composition, and additives was minimal in the 1980s and 1990s given the importance of starter intake to the success of early weaning, but the role of water intake in starter intake and growth was established. Research on issues with calves continued to increase during the last 20-yr period as evidenced by publication of more than 580 articles in JDS as well as many more in other refereed journals. In addition to papers contributed by several universities in the United States and Canada, the number of papers authored by scientists at universities and institutes in other countries increased dramatically during this period. Factors influencing colostral antibody absorption, heat treatment of colostrum, and efficacy of colostrum supplements and replacers were reported. Most studies in this period related to nutrition.Studies were published supporting greater neonatal growth rates from feeding more milk replacer but with a higher crude protein content than traditional. Protein energy effects on growth and body composition were evaluated in concert with greater growth rates. Milk and nonmilk protein sources in milk replacers along with AA supplementation were evalu- ated. Limited studies were done with fat sources and fatty acid supplementation along with trace minerals and fat-soluble vitamins. Waste milk feeding and heat treatment became more prevalent. Studies established starter ingredient palatability and use of forage when fed with pelleted starters. With the advent of automatic milk and milk replacer feeders, factors influencing how and when to wean were established. Research programs established factors affecting calf behavior and welfare. Several databases were evaluated along with various published studies, and established calf growth during the first 2 mo was subsequently reflected in first- and later-lactation milk production of those calves. A new area of calf research that emerged from 1997 on was the effects of maternal environment and nutrition on calf health, growth, and future productivity. From a mechanistic standpoint, the field of epigenetics seems likely to explain many of these phenomena. Some possibilities for future calf nutrition and management were elaborated.