A new generation of trade policy: potential risks to diet-related health from the trans pacific partnership agreement
A new generation of trade policy: potential risks to diet-related health from the trans pacific partnership agreement
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DOI：
10.1186/1744-8603-9-46
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发表时间：
2013-10-16
影响因子：
10.8
通讯作者：
Snowdon, Wendy
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Friel, Sharon;Gleeson, Deborah;Snowdon, Wendy
贸易给公共卫生营养带来风险和机遇。本文讨论了一种激进的新型贸易协定：跨太平洋伙伴关系协定（TPP）的潜在食品相关公共卫生风险。TPP自2010年开始谈判，成员国包括澳大利亚、文莱、加拿大、智利、日本、马来西亚、墨西哥、新西兰、秘鲁、新加坡、美国和越南。在这里，我们回顾了贸易协定与饮食相关健康之间关系的国际证据，以及TPP谈判的文件和泄露文本。与近期其他双边或区域贸易协定类似，我们发现TPP将提出关税削减、外国投资自由化和知识产权保护，这些都超出了世界贸易组织多边协定的规定。TPP还可能包括强有力的投资者保护，对国内监管制度进行重大改革，使行业更多地参与政策制定，并开辟新的申诉渠道。跨国食品公司将能够起诉政府，如果他们试图引入食品公司声称侵犯其在TPP中的特权的健康政策；甚至潜在的诉讼威胁也会极大地限制政府保护公众健康的能力。因此，我们发现，作为21世纪新一代贸易政策的象征，TPP可能比以前的贸易协定产生更大的健康风险。由于TPP的文本在有关国家承诺之前是保密的，因此在谈判过程中明确表达公共卫生问题至关重要。除非充分审查和考虑到文本每一部分的潜在健康后果，并将约束性语言纳入TPP以保障卫生监管政策空间，否则TPP可能对公共卫生营养有害。健康倡导者和与健康有关的政策制定者必须积极参与贸易谈判。
Trade poses risks and opportunities to public health nutrition. This paper discusses the potential food-related public health risks of a radical new kind of trade agreement: the Trans Pacific Partnership agreement (TPP). Under negotiation since 2010, the TPP involves Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the USA, and Vietnam. Here, we review the international evidence on the relationships between trade agreements and diet-related health and, where available, documents and leaked text from the TPP negotiations. Similar to other recent bilateral or regional trade agreements, we find that the TPP would propose tariffs reductions, foreign investment liberalisation and intellectual property protection that extend beyond provisions in the multilateral World Trade Organization agreements. The TPP is also likely to include strong investor protections, introducing major changes to domestic regulatory regimes to enable greater industry involvement in policy making and new avenues for appeal. Transnational food corporations would be able to sue governments if they try to introduce health policies that food companies claim violate their privileges in the TPP; even the potential threat of litigation could greatly curb governments' ability to protect public health. Hence, we find that the TPP, emblematic of a new generation of 21st century trade policy, could potentially yield greater risks to health than prior trade agreements. Because the text of the TPP is secret until the countries involved commit to the agreement, it is essential for public health concerns to be articulated during the negotiation process. Unless the potential health consequences of each part of the text are fully examined and taken into account, and binding language is incorporated in the TPP to safeguard regulatory policy space for health, the TPP could be detrimental to public health nutrition. Health advocates and health-related policymakers must be proactive in their engagement with the trade negotiations.