Avian genetic stock preservation: An industry perspective
Avian genetic stock preservation: An industry perspective
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DOI：
10.1093/ps/85.2.227
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发表时间：
2006-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Fulton, JE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Fulton, JE
有不同类型的家禽遗传资源，包括突变体、近交系、专业/精选种群、标准品种和精英商业纯系。这些资源对家禽业的价值程度各不相同。家禽养殖公司内部对这些遗传资源的持续损失相当关注，特别是因为这种损失在过去十年中似乎有所升级。不同的遗传资源可以提供关于基因功能、遗传相互作用和遗传途径的基本信息。该信息对于有效改善商业家禽性能是重要的。同样重要的是这些遗传资源在教学和教育学生和未来的研究人员中的作用。目前，家禽业中唯一实用的鸟类保护方法是活禽保护。在多个地点饲养了一批精英商业种群，为防止疾病爆发和可能的检疫限制提供了保障。目前的冷冻方法仅适用于精子。因此，由雌配子贡献的W染色体和线粒体不能被保存。冷冻精液的受精率和孵化率都有相当大的差异，不仅在品系之间，而且在品系内的雄性之间。这种变异的生物学基础尚不清楚，人们担心冷冻精液的使用可能会导致非预期的选择和遗传变异性的丧失。冷冻保存不能应用于家禽养殖业，直到开发出对雄性和雌性鸟类保存配子都具有高活力的方法。需要更多的研究在冻融后的活力变化的来源，雌配子冷冻保存，胚胎保存等领域。由于目前家禽业还没有合适的低温保存方法，商业精英种群的长期保存必须继续依赖活禽保护。由于这种活禽的保存费用很高，目前没有经济价值的种群将不予保留。
There are different types of poultry genetic resources including mutants, inbred lines, specialized/selected stocks, standard breeds, and elite commercial pure lines. These resources differ in their degree of value to the poultry industry. There is considerable concern within poultry breeding companies about the continuing losses of these genetic resources, particularly as this loss seems to have escalated over the past decade. Varied genetic stocks can provide fundamental information regarding gene function, genetic interactions, and genetic pathways. This information is important for efficient improvement of commercial poultry performance. Equally important is the role of these genetic resources in teaching and the education of students and future researchers.Currently, the only practical preservation method for birds in the poultry industry involves live bird conservation. Flocks of elite commercial stocks are maintained at multiple locations, providing insurance against disease outbreak and the possibility of quarantine restrictions. The current cryopreservation methods apply only to sperm. Thus, the W chromosome and the mitochondria, which are contributed by the female gamete, cannot be preserved. Cryopreserved semen shows considerable variation in both fertility and hatchability rates, not only among lines, but also among males within lines. The biological basis for this variation is unknown, and there is concern that the use of cryopreserved semen may result in unintended selection and loss of genetic variability.Cryopreservation cannot be applied in the poultry breeding industry until methodologies are developed that produce high viability for both male and female avian preserved gametes. More research is needed in the areas of sources of variation in viability following freeze/thaw, female gamete cryopreservation, and embryo preservation. Because there are currently no appropriate methods of cryopreservation available to the poultry industry, the long-term preservation of commercial elite stocks must continue to rely on live bird conservation. Because of the high costs of this live bird preservation, stocks with no perceived current economic value will not be maintained.