Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: Defining the Role of the Northern Seas in Climate
Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: Defining the Role of the Northern Seas in Climate
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4020-6774-7_1
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
B. Dickson;J. Meincke;P. Rhines
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文献类型：
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作者：
B. Dickson;J. Meincke;P. Rhines
大约100年前，Helland-Hansen和Nansen（1909）首次完整地描述了通过亚北极海将北大西洋与北冰洋连接起来的海洋交换模式。他们一下子把北欧海洋科学置于一个惊人的现代基础之上；正如Blindheim和Østerhus（2005）所说，“他们的工作如此详细和精确地描述了海洋，以至于随后几年的调查对他们的发现几乎没有任何帮助。”尽管如此，在接下来的一个世纪里，海洋学家们逐渐坚持了两项早期先驱们基本上无法完成的任务——量化亚北极海域的热量、盐和物质交换，以及拼凑出该系统长期（十年到一个世纪）变化的证据。变异的证据不久就出现了。随着水文时间序列延长到20世纪中期，他们开始捕捉到影响我们水域的最大和最广泛的政权转变之一的证据。因为这是“北方变暖”的几十年，当穿过法罗-设得兰海峡的北大西洋海水的盐度达到一个世纪以来的最高水平时（Dooley等人，1984年），当Farewell角的盐度如此之高以至于它们被认为是错误的（Harvey 1962年），当5年平均超过2摄氏度的急剧变暖遍及西格陵兰海岸时，20世纪，从浮游生物到具有重要商业价值的鱼类、陆生哺乳动物和鸟类等多种物种的生物地理边界向北错位达到了最极端的程度（见Dickson 2002年的综述）。
1 BackgroundAlmost 100 years ago, Helland-Hansen and Nansen (1909) produced the first complete description of the pattern of oceanic exchanges that connect the North Atlantic with the Arctic Ocean through subarctic seas. At a stroke, they placed the science of the Nordic seas on an astonishingly modern footing; as Blindheim and Østerhus (2005) put it,‘Their work described the sea in such detail and to such precision that investigations during succeeding years could add little to their findings’.Nonetheless, in the century that followed, oceanographers have gradually persisted in the two tasks that were largely inaccessible to the early pioneers–quantifying the exchanges of heat, salt and mass through subarctic seas and, piecing-together evidence for the longer-term (decade to century) variability of the system. Evidence of variability was not long in coming. As hydrographic time series lengthened into the middle decades of the 20th century, they began to capture evidence of one of the largest and most widespread regime shifts that has ever affected our waters. For these were the decades of “the warming in the north”, when the salinity of North Atlantic Water passing through the Faroe–Shetland Channel reached a century-long high (Dooley et al. 1984), when salinities were so high off Cape Farewell that they were thrown out as erroneous (Harvey 1962), when a precipitous warming of more than 2 C in the 5-year mean pervaded the West Greenland banks, and when the northward dislocations of biogeographical boundaries for a wide range of species from plankton to commercially important fish, terrestrial mammals and birds were at their most extreme in the 20th century (reviewed in Dickson 2002).