Beyond Reform: Restructuring for More Effective Conflict Intervention
Beyond Reform: Restructuring for More Effective Conflict Intervention
复制标题
超越改革：重组以更有效地干预冲突
DOI：
10.1163/19426720-00302002
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
George T. Raach
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Chayes;A. Chayes;George T. Raach
当你自己的结构是一套无纪律且往往是混乱的相互竞争的官僚封地时，你就不能强制执行和平。-切斯特·克罗克1国际社会在努力预防和管理内部冲突及其后果方面迅速积累了广泛的经验。自冷战结束以来，这种情况出人意料地激增，为了应对这种情况，自1990年以来，联合国至少发起了18次重大行动--比之前45年多。在每个大洲都进行了干预，而且。除联合国机构外，个别国家、特设联盟、其他国际政府组织(全球和区域政府间组织)以及非政府组织(NGO)也作出了回应。1996年仅在克罗地亚和萨拉热窝活动的组织名单就有两英寸厚，范围从联合国TC“小丑无国界”。这些行为体执行了前秘书长布特罗斯·布特罗斯-加利1992年《和平纲领》中规定的所有任务，包括通过外交和部署部队预防冲突、经典维持和平、所谓的执行和平、在冲突的所有阶段提供人道主义援助以及对战乱社会进行物质和体制重建。这些行动总共消耗了大量资源--每年约为40亿美元。然而，国际努力的结果令人失望。在某些情况下，例如在非洲大湖区和在前苏联的某些情况下，几乎不可能唤起与问题严重程度相当的国际承诺。在波斯尼亚，即使是志同道合的盟友也往往无法达成共识。尽管他们可能同意“必须做一些事情”，但他们并不总是能够同意这“一些”是什么。这可能会导致瘫痪或姑息措施。
You cannot enforce peace when your own structure is an undisciplined and often chaotic set of rival bureaucratic fiefdoms.-Chester Crocker1 he international community has quickly accumulated wide experience in its efforts to prevent and manage internal conflicts and their aftermath. In response to the unexpected proliferation of such cases since the end of the Cold War, the UN has launched at least eighteen major operations since 1990-more than in the previous forty-five years. Interventions have been made on every continent, and. in addition to UN agencies, individual states, ad hoc coalitions, other international governmental organizations (IGOs-both global and regional), as well as nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have responded. The mere listing of organizations operating in Croatia and Sarajevo in 1996 is two inches thick and ranges from the UN tc" Clowns without Frontiers." These actors have performed all the tasks set forth in former secretary-general Boutros Boutros-Ghali's 1992 Agenda for Peace, including conflict prevention by diplomacy and troop deployment, classical peacekeeping, socalled peace enforcement, the provision of humanitarian assistance at all stages of conflict, and physical and institutional reconstruction of war-tom societies. These operations in the aggregate have disposed of extensive resources-approximately $4 billion annually. 2 Yet the results of international efforts have been disappointing. In some cases, such as in the Great Lakes region of Africa and in some circumstances in the former Soviet Union, it has been nearly impossible to rouse international commitment equal to the magnitude of the problem. In Bosnia, even like-minded allies have often failed to reach consensus. Although they may agree that" something must be done," they are not always able to concur about what that" something" is. This can lead to paralysis or palliative measures.