The Darwinian Dynamic
The Darwinian Dynamic
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达尔文动力学
DOI：
10.1086/413216
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发表时间：
1983
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
G. Krishna Vemulapalli
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
H. Bernstein;Henry C. Byerly;Frederick A. Hopf;Richard A. Michod;G. Krishna Vemulapalli
我们认为，生命系统和某些非生命物理系统的秩序演化遵循一个共同的基本原则，我们称之为达尔文动力学。这样的有序系统大大偏离了热力学等概率规则，根据该规则，例如，所有长度相当的核苷酸序列都应该在大致相同的丰度中找到。我们通过首先考虑在远离热力学平衡的简单非生物系统中如何产生宏观秩序来表述达尔文动力学。然后，我们将我们的考虑扩展到短的、可复制的RNA分子，我们假设它们就像最早的生命形式，并表明潜在的秩序生成过程基本上是相似的。对于这些简单的复制子，我们用来作为达尔文动力学的例子的等式包含了表达达尔文设想的自然选择过程所必需的基本条件的变量：类型的变异、遗传力和对有限资源的竞争。从这些简单的系统开始，我们相信我们已经阐明了自然选择的基本要素。具体地说，我们证明了RNA复制子的适合度(其人均增长率)是固有的适应能力(从某种意义上说，它们由核苷酸序列决定)和资源的可用性的函数。我们认为，三种主要的适应能力是复制能力、避免衰退的能力以及获取和处理资源的能力。不同复制子之间的竞争成功取决于这些适应能力的相对价值。我们发现噬菌体T4是最复杂的生物体，其几乎所有的基因功能都得到了表征，其大约140个已知基因自然地属于上述三类。尽管达尔文动力学可以用简单的数学形式来表达，因为它适用于自我复制的RNA或细菌等原始生命，但它对高等生物的应用需要更复杂的处理。我们已经指出了出现的主要种类的复杂性，以及如何考虑这些复杂性，与种群遗传学和进化生态学中当前的自然选择处理相一致。通过定义自然选择的基本特征，我们认为我们已经进一步澄清了先前混淆的两个具体领域。这些都是热力学与进化论的关系，也是达尔文理论的经验内容。
We argue that the evolution of order in living systems and certain nonliving physical systems obeys a common fundamental principle which we call the Darwinian dynamic. Such ordered systems deviate greatly from the thermodynamic equiprobability rule according to which, for example, all nucleotide sequences of comparable length should be found in roughly equal abundance. We formulate the Darwinian dynamic by first considering how macroscopic order is generated in a simple nonbiological system far from the thermodynamic equilibrium. We then extend our consideration to short, replicating RNA molecules, which we assume to be like the earliest forms of life, and show that the underlying order-generating process is basically similar. The equation we use as an example of the Darwinian dynamic for these simple replicators contains variables that express the basic conditions necessary for the process of natural selection as conceived by Darwin: variation of type, heritability, and competition for limited resources. By starting with such uncomplicated systems, we believe we have clarified the essential elements of natural selection. Specifically, we show that the fitness of an RNA replicator (its per capita rate of increase) is a function of adaptive capacities which are intrinsic (in the sense that they are determined by the nucleotide sequence) and of the availibility of resources. The three primary adaptive capacities are, we think, the capacity to replicate, the capacity to avoid decay, and the capacity to acquire and process resources. Competitive sucess among different replicators depends on the relative value of these adaptive capacities. We show for phage T4, the most complex organism for which nearly all gene functions are characterized, that its approximately 140 known genes fall naturally into the above three categories. Although the Darwinian dynamic can be expressed in simple mathematical form as it applies to such primitive life as self-replicating RNA or bacteria, its application to higher organisms requires a more complex treatment. We have indicated the main kinds of complexity that emerge, and how these can be taken into account, in consonance wich current treatments of natural selection in population genetics and evolutionary ecology. By defining the essential features of natural selection, we think we have additionally clarified two specific areas of prior confusion. These are the relationship of thermodynamics to evolution, and the empirical content of Darwin's theory.
噬菌体中的脱氧核糖核酸修复。
DOI：
10.1128/mr.45.1.72-98.1981
发表时间：
1981
期刊：
Microbiological reviews
影响因子：
--
作者：
Bernstein,C
通讯作者：
Bernstein,C