The genetic, developmental, and molecular bases of fruit size and shape variation in tomato
The genetic, developmental, and molecular bases of fruit size and shape variation in tomato
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DOI：
10.1105/tpc.018119
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发表时间：
2004-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
11.6
通讯作者：
Tanksley, SD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Tanksley, SD
果实相当于植物的子房（或多个子房），保护种子发育，并作为种子传播到不同生境的载体，用于物种繁殖。水果还为人类提供了营养来源，烹饪多样性，而且往往是巨大的乐趣。人类食用的水果种类繁多，包括芸香科（柑橘）、蔷薇科（核果、苹果、梨）、茄科（茄子、辣椒、番茄、带壳番茄）、葫芦科（甜瓜、南瓜、黄瓜）、核糖科（浆果）、葡萄科（葡萄）等。虽然果树种类繁多，但它们有一个共同的特点。驯化物种的果实通常比通常在祖先野生物种中发现的果实大得多。例如，栽培番茄的假定野生祖先，Cerasiforme番茄，结出的果实（由两个室组成）仅重几克。相比之下，现代番茄品种的单个果实可能包含许多小室，重量可达1公斤，重量增加近1000倍（图1A）。大多数其他驯化的水果品种也存在类似的情况（Smartt和Simmonds，1995年）。除了果实大小的增加外，结果物种的驯化通常会导致巨大的形状变化：野生和半野生形式的番茄果实几乎总是圆形，而栽培番茄的形状多种多样：圆形、扁圆形、梨形、鱼雷形和甜椒形（图1）。水果生长和发育的主题可以考虑几个问题。从全球的角度来看，人们可能会问，哪些基因、蛋白质和过程指定或影响果实的形成？当然，这个问题的答案是，即使不是大多数，也有许多植物基因/蛋白质/过程会影响水果的发育。在光合作用、韧皮部运输、花的起始/发育或雄性或雌性育性中受损的植物不能产生果实或其果实产生异常（例如，单性结实果实、果实大小减小或果实负载减少）。因此，许多番茄突变体（如果不是大多数的话）在其果实表型中具有一些改变（Balbi和Lomax，2003）。
Fruit, corresponding to the plant’s ovary (or ovaries), protect seed development and serve as the vehicle for seed dispersal to different habitats for species propagation. Fruit also provide humans with a source of nutrition, culinary diversity, and often great pleasure. Humans consume fruit from a wide range of plants, including members of the Rutaceae (citrus), Rosaceae (stone fruits, apples, pears), Solanaceae (eggplant, pepper, tomato, husk tomato), Cucurbitaceae (melons, squash, cucumbers), Ribaceae (berries), Vitaceae (grapes), and a multitude of additional species.Although fruit-bearing crop species are taxonomically diverse, they share a common feature. Fruit from domesticated species often have been tremendously enlarged over that normally found in the progenitor wild species. For example, the putative wild ancestor of the cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum cv Cerasiforme, bears fruit (composed of two locules) weighing only a few grams. By contrast, a single fruit from a modern tomato variety may contain many locules and weigh up to 1 kg, a nearly 1000-fold increase in weight (Figure 1A). A similar situation exists for most other domesticated fruit species (Smartt and Simmonds, 1995). In addition to increases in fruit size, the domestication of fruit-bearing species often has resulted in tremendous shape variation: wild and semiwild forms of tomato bear fruit that are almost invariably round, whereas cultivated tomatoes come in a wide variety of shapes: round, oblate, pearshaped, torpedo-shaped, and bell pepper–shaped (Figure 1). The topic of fruit growth and development can be approached with several questions in mind. From a global perspective, one can ask, What are the genes, proteins, and processes that specify or affect the formation of fruit? Of course, the answer to this question is that many if not most plant genes/proteins/processes influence fruit development. Plants compromised in photosynthesis, phloem transport, floral initiation/development, or male or female fertility either cannot produce fruit or are abnormal in their fruit production (eg, parthenocarpic fruit, reduced fruit size, or reduced fruit load). As a result, many if not most tomato mutants have some alteration in their fruit phenotypes (Balbi and Lomax, 2003).