Animal Models of Orthopoxvirus Infection
Animal Models of Orthopoxvirus Infection
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DOI：
10.1177/0300985810378649
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发表时间：
2010-09-01
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Raymond, J. W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chapman, J. L.;Nichols, D. K.;Raymond, J. W.
天花是人类已知的最具毁灭性的疾病之一。虽然天花是通过历史上成功的疫苗接种运动根除的，但国际社会仍担心天花病原体天花病毒（VARV）或另一种正痘病毒可能被用作生物恐怖主义的媒介。因此，制定针对正痘病毒感染的对策是生物防御研究的一个关键重点，而这些努力依赖于各种动物模型的使用。天花通常表现为全身脓疱疹，死亡率为30%至40%，尽管用VARV可在食蟹猴中诱发天花样综合征，但对该病毒的研究受到高度限制；因此，对其他正痘病毒的动物模型进行了研究。猴痘病毒在恒河猴和食蟹猕猴中引起全身性水疱疹，并在几种啮齿动物中引起致命的全身性疾病。电疣病毒作为一种正痘病毒在其自然宿主中感染的模型在小鼠中得到了广泛的研究。用某些牛痘病毒株在小鼠鼻内接种会产生致命的支气管肺炎，用牛痘病毒气溶胶或鼻内接种小鼠也会产生致命的支气管肺炎。兔痘病毒在兔子中引起肺炎和致命的全身感染，并可通过气溶胶途径在兔子之间自然传播，类似于人类的VARV传播途径。没有一个单一的动物模型概括了人类正痘病毒感染的所有已知方面，每种模型都有其优点和缺点。本文简要综述了人类正痘病毒疾病和正痘病毒感染动物模型的主要病理特征。
Smallpox was one of the most devastating diseases known to humanity. Although smallpox was eradicated through a historically successful vaccination campaign, there is concern in the global community that either Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox, or another species of Orthopoxvirus could be used as agents of bioterrorism. Therefore, development of countermeasures to Orthopoxvirus infection is a crucial focus in biodefense research, and these efforts rely on the use of various animal models. Smallpox typically presented as a generalized pustular rash with 30 to 40% mortality, and although smallpox-like syndromes can be induced in cynomolgus macaques with VARV, research with this virus is highly restricted; therefore, animal models with other orthopoxviruses have been investigated. Monkeypox virus causes a generalized vesiculopustular rash in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques and induces fatal systemic disease in several rodent species. Ectromelia virus has been extensively studied in mice as a model of orthopoxviral infection in its natural host. Intranasal inoculation of mice with some strains of vaccinia virus produces fatal bronchopneumonia, as does aerosol or intranasal inoculation of mice with cowpox virus. Rabbitpox virus causes pneumonia and fatal systemic infections in rabbits and can be naturally transmitted between rabbits by an aerosol route similar to that of VARV in humans. No single animal model recapitulates all known aspects of human Orthopoxvirus infections, and each model has its advantages and disadvantages. This article provides a brief review of the Orthopoxvirus diseases of humans and the key pathologic features of animal models of Orthopoxvirus infections.